Health Information

Abdomen The part of the body between the chest and the pelvis; the belly,including the stomach, liver, intestines, and other organs called the viscera.
Abortion Termination of pregnancy; expulsion or removal of the embryo or fetusbefore it has reached full development and can normally be expected to becapable of independent life. It may be spontaneous or induced.
Abscess An accumulation of pus that results from a breakdown of tissues (acommon problem being tissue breakdown around a tooth, producing an "abscessedtooth").
Achilles tendon The large tendon that connects the calf muscles to theheelbone.
Acne An inflammatory disease of the sebaceous glands of the skin, usually onthe face and upper body, characterized by papules, pustules, comedones(blackheads) and in severe cases by cysts, nodules, and scarring. The mostcommon form -- acne vulgaris -- usually affects persons from puberty to youngadulthood. Treatment includes topical and oral antibiotics, topical vitamin Aderivatives, dermabrasion, and cryosurgery.
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) A serious, often fatal condition inwhich the immune system breaks down and does not respond normally to infection.The victim commonly develops Kaposi's sarcoma and recurrent severe infections.The disease became epidemic in the early 1980s, affecting almost exclusivelymale homosexuals, intravenous drug users, and hemophiliacs. It has now spreadto heterosexual populations and is known to be transmitted through sexualcontact or the use of contaminated drug apparatus. The cause has beenidentified as a virus (human immunodeficiency virus, HIV). No treatment has yetproved effective. See also Kaposi's sarcoma.
Acquired immunity Any form of immunity (insusceptibility to a particulardisease) not innate but obtained during life. It may be natural, activelyacquired by the development of antibodies after an attack of an infectiousdisease (for example, chicken pox) or passively acquired, as when a motherpasses antibodies against a specific disease to a fetus through the placenta orto an infant through colostrum; or it may be artificial, acquired throughvaccination.
Acupuncture A method of producing analgesia or treating disease by insertingvery thin needles into specific sites on the body along channels, calledmeridians, and twirling, energizing, or warming the needles; it is used bypractitioners of traditional medicine in China.
Acute (1) Coming on suddenly and severely; (2) sharp, as an acute pain.Compare Chronic.
Addiction A condition of strong or irresistible dependence on the use of aparticular substance (for example, heroin, alcohol) such that abruptdeprivation of the substance produces characteristic withdrawal symptoms.
Addison's disease A disease caused by failure of function of the cortex of theadrenal gland, resulting in deficiency of adrenocortical hormones anddisturbance of the normal levels of glucose and minerals in the body. Symptoms,often gradual in onset, include weakness, anorexia, fatigue, increasedpigmentation, weight loss, and reduced tolerance to cold. Treatment includesadministration of adrenocortical hormones and maintenance of normal levels ofglucose and electrolytes in the blood. Many people with Addison's disease weara MedicAlert ID; also called Addison's syndrome.
Adenoid Lymphatic tissue in the back of the nasal passage, on the wall of thenasopharynx. Adenoids may become enlarged and cause difficulty in breathingthrough the nose after repeated infection.
Adhesion A bond of fibrous tissue that causes normally separate structures tostick together. Adhesions are most common in the abdomen, where they frequentlyfollow surgery, injury, or inflammation. If they cause pain or other symptomsor interfere with normal functioning, surgical intervention is necessary.
Adipose tissue A type of connective tissue containing many fat cells. It formsa layer under the skin and serves as an insulating layer and as an energyreserve.
Adolescence The period between puberty and adulthood, marked by extensivephysical, psychological, and emotional changes.
Adrenaline See Epinephrine.
Advance directives Conversations, written directions, living wills, anddurable powers of attorney that indicate to health-care providers anindividual's wishes as to the medical interventions to be made or withheld ifhe/she were to lose the capacity to make decisions. See also Durable power ofattorney; Living will.
Afterbirth The fetus-supporting material (placenta and fetal membranes)expelled from the mother's uterus after a baby is born.
AIDS See Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS).
Albumin A water-soluble protein found in most animal tissues. Determination ofthe types and levels of albumin in the blood, urine, and other body tissues andfluids is the basis of many diagnostic tests. The constant presence of albuminin the urine usually indicates kidney disease.
Alcoholics Anonymous An international organization established as a supportgroup for persons who want to free themselves, by means of self-help and otherprograms, from dependence on or addiction to alcohol. A member is expected toacknowledge his/her drinking problem, to attend meetings regularly, to shareexperiences and difficulties, and to try to maintain sobriety "one day at atime." Even after prolonged abstinence, members do not consider themselvescured; rather, they refer to themselves as "recovering alcoholics."
Alcoholism A chronic condition in which alcoholic drinks are taken to excess,leading to a breakdown in health and inability to function properly; dependenceon or addiction to alcoholic beverages such that abrupt deprivation leads towithdrawal symptoms. Alcoholism may occur at any age; its cause is unknown buthereditary and biochemical as well as cultural and psychosocial factors arebelieved to play important roles. The consequences of alcoholism includeimpaired intellectual functioning, physical skills, memory, and judgment;peripheral abnormalities in nerve function; esophageal and gastrointestinalproblems; impaired liver function, sometimes leading to cirrhosis of the liver;and damage to the heart muscle. Impaired emotional, social, and ofteneconomic/professional functioning also affects the self, family, and community.Alcoholism in pregnant women is also thought to damage the growth anddevelopment of the fetus (fetal alcohol syndrome). Acute withdrawal symptomsinclude tremor, anxiety, hallucinations, and in severe cases delirium tremens.Treatment includes psychotherapy, often in groups such as Alcoholics Anonymous,and the use of certain drugs (for example, Antabuse) that cause vomiting ifalcohol is ingested.
Alimentary canal The digestive tube through which food passes and is digestedand absorbed. It extends from the mouth to the anus and includes the mouth,pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine; alsoalimentary tract. See also Digestive system.
Allergy A hypersensitivity reaction to the presence of an agent (allergen)that is intrinsically harmless such as animal hairs, dust, pollen, orsubstances in certain foods. Symptoms vary widely but may include bronchialcongestion, the appearance of a rash (often itchy), vomiting, edema,conjunctivitis, runny nose or serious systemic reactions leading toanaphylactic shock and possibly death. Allergies are very common, affectingprobably more than 15% of the U.S. population. Allergies are diagnosed throughskin tests (patch test, scratch test) and other laboratory procedures.Treatment is avoidance of the allergen, if possible; the use of antihistaminedrugs to relieve the symptoms; desensitizing injections in some cases (forexample, hay fever); and other measures. See also Anaphylaxis; Hay fever.
Alzheimer's disease A progressive loss of mental ability and function, oftenaccompanied by personality changes and emotional instability. It is a commondisorder, affecting both men and women; it usually starts between ages 50 and60 often with memory lapses and changes in behavior; it progresses to includesymptoms of confusion, restlessness, inability to plan and carry out activitiesand sometimes hallucinations and loss of sphincter (for example, bladder)control. The cause is unknown but plaques and neurofibrillary tangles arecommonly found in the brain tissue. There is no cure, with treatment aimed atalleviating the symptoms. Also called senile dementia.
Amenorrhea Abnormal stoppage or absence of the menstrual flow. It may becaused by congenital abnormality of the reproductive tract or by hormonaldysfunction, malnutrition, marked change in the amount of body fat (as occursin strenuous exercise programs), severe trauma, or emotional upset. Primaryamenorrhea is arbitrarily defined as delay of onset of the menstrual flow(menarche) beyong age 18. Secondary amenorrhea refers to cessation ofmenstruation in a woman who has previously menstruated. Treatment involvescorrection of the underlying cause and hormone therapy if necessary.
Amnesia Loss of memory, due to injury to the brain or severe emotional trauma.There are several kinds of amnesia, including anterograde amnesia, retrogradeamnesia, and transient global amnesia.
Amniocentesis The taking of amniotic fluid by needle puncture through theabdominal wall of the pregnant woman to aid in the diagnosis of fetalabnormalities (for example, Down syndrome, Tay-Sachs disease). The test cannotbe performed until about the 15th or 16th week of pregnancy and is recommendedwhen a hereditary pattern in the family or the mother's age (over 35) increasesthe chance of fetal defects.
Amniotic sac Thin-walled bag that contains the fetus and amniotic fluid duringpregnancy.
Amphetamine A central nervous system stimulant used to treat narcolepsy andsome forms of depression and attention-deficit disorders. It alleviatesfatigue, promotes alertness, and decreases appetite. Overdosage causesgastrointestinal complaints, rapid heart rate, restlessness, sleeplessness, andin very high doses hallucinations and feelings of panic. It has a highpotential for abuse, resulting in tolerance and dependence. Slang name: speed.
Analgesic A pain-relieving substance (for example, aspirin, acetaminophen).
Anaphylaxis A strong allergic reaction to the ingestion or injection of asubstance (for example, penicillin, shellfish) to which a person has becomesensitized by previous exposure. Symptoms may include localized swelling anditching, breathing problems, and in severe cases shock and even death.
Anemia A condition in which the hemoglobin content of the blood is belownormal limits. It may be hereditary, congenital, or acquired. Basically anemiaresults from a defect in the production of hemoglobin and its carrier, the redblood cell (for example, production of abnormal hemoglobin, misshapen red bloodcells, or inadequate levels of hemoglobin); increased destruction of red bloodcells; or blood loss (for example, in hemorrhage after injury or in excessivemenstrual flow); the most common cause is a deficiency in iron, an elementnecessary for the formation of hemoglobin. Symptoms vary with the severity andcause of the anemia but may include fatigue, weakness, pallor, headache,dizziness, and anorexia. Treatment also depends on the cause and severity andmay include an iron-rich diet, iron supplements, blood transfusions, and thecorrection or elimination of any pathological conditions causing the anemia.There are several types of anemia, including aplastic anemia, perniciousanemia, sickle-cell anemia, and thalassemia.
Anesthesia Absence of sensation, especially that of pain. In generalanesthesia, which is administered before a major operation (for example,removal of a lung), total unconsciousness results from injection or inhalationof anesthetic drugs. In local anesthesia loss of sensation is confined to agiven small part or area of the body (for example, the tissues surrounding atooth to be extracted). In regional anesthesia loss of sensation is produced ina specific area of the body (for example, in the pelvic area during childbirthby an epidural anesthetic). In topical anesthesia loss of sensation is confinedto the surface skin or mucous membranes (for example, benzocaine solutionsprayed on the skin). Anesthesia may also be produced by hypnosis, acupuncture,and nerve damage (as in leprosy).
Anesthetic A drug (for example, procaine hydrochloride [Novocain]) that causestemporary loss of sensation.
Aneurysm A saclike widening in a blood vessel; it occurs most often in theaorta but can also occur in other blood vessels. Aneurysms are usually causedby atherosclerosis or hypertension, sometimes by trauma, infection, or otherfactor. An aneurysm may rupture, causing hemorrhage, or it may lead to theformation of thrombi and/or emboli that may block an important blood vessel.Common types of aneurysms include aortic aneurysm and cerebral aneurysm.Treatment includes use of drugs to reduce the force of cardiac contraction,analgesic and antihypertensive drugs if indicated, and, in some cases, surgicalremoval of part of the aorta or affected artery.
Angina pectoris Chest pain, often accompanied by a feeling of choking orimpending death; the pain typically radiates down the left arm. It is usuallycaused by a lack of oxygen to the heart muscle, resulting from atherosclerosisof the coronary arteries; attacks are precipitated by exertion, exposure tocold, or stress. Pain is relieved by rest and use of drugs (for example,nitroglycerine) to dilate the coronary arteries.
Angioplasty Surgery done on arteries, veins, or capillaries; a technique inwhich a balloon is inflated inside a blood vessel to flatten any plaque (patch)that obstructs it and causes it to become narrowed (used especially to opencoronary arteries).
Anorexia nervosa An emotional disorder, occurring most commonly in adolescentfemales, characterized by abnormal body image and fear of obesity and prolongedrefusal to eat, leading to emaciation, amenorrhea, and other symptoms andsometimes resulting in death. Treatment includes psychotherapy and nourishment.
Antacid A chemical that reduces acidity (for example, sodium bicarbonate),especially one taken to relieve "upset stomach."
Antibiotic A drug (for example, penicillin), derived from a microorganism orproduced synthetically, that destroys or limits the growth of a livingorganism, especially a disease-producing bacteria (for example, Streptococcus)or fungus.
Antibody A complex molecule (immunoglobulin) that is produced by lymph tissuein response to the presence of an antigen (such as a protein of bacteria orother infecting organism) and that neutralizes the effect of that foreignsubstance.
Antigen A substance (for example, a toxin) or organism (for example, anamoeba) that, when entering the body, causes the production of an antibody thatreacts specifically with the antigen to neutralize, destroy, or weaken it. Thepresence of certain antigens is the criterion for typing in the ABO bloodgrouping system and is important in tissue cross-matching for transplants (forexample, the HLA antigen in kidney transplants).
Antihistamine A drug, used to treat allergies, hypersensitivity reactions, andcolds, that works to reduce the effects of histamine (for example,chlorpheniramine maleate [Coricidin]).
Anti-inflammatory A drug that counteracts or reduces inflammation (forexample, aspirin).
Antiseptic An agent (for example, soap) that slows or stops the continuinggrowth of microorganisms but may not actually kill them.
Antitoxin A drug or other agent (for example, antivenin) that prevents orlimits the effect of a microorganism's poison (toxin).
Anxiety attack An acute episode of intense anxiety and feelings of panic,accompanied by symptoms such as palpitations, breathlessness, sweating,gastrointestinal complaints, and feelings of imminent disaster. The attacksusually occur suddenly, may last from a few seconds to an hour or more, and mayoccur infrequently or several times a day. Treatment includes reassurance; theuse of anxiolytic and ataraxic drugs; sedation, if necessary; and oftenpsychotherapy to alleviate the underlying causes.
Aorta The main trunk of the arterial blood circulatory system from which allother arteries (except the pulmonary) branch. This large artery stems from theheart at the left ventricle, passes upward (ascending aorta) toward the neck,arches (aortic arch) and loops and descends downward (descending aorta) alongthe left side of the vertebral column through the chest region (thoracicaorta), through the diaphragm to the abdomen (abdominal aorta) where it dividesinto two iliac arteries. Major arteries (for example, carotid, coronary) branchfrom the aorta transporting the aorta's freshly oxygenated blood to the variousorgans of the body. The aortic valve, situated between the left ventricle andthe aorta, prevents blood from flowing back from the aorta into the heart.
Aplastic anemia A deficiency of the formed elements (for example, red bloodcells, white blood cells) of the blood due to a failure of the cell-producingmachinery of the bone marrow, caused by a neoplasm or, most commonly, byexposure to toxic chemicals, radiation, or certain drugs.
Appendicitis Inflammation of the vermiform appendix. Symptoms are pain in theabdomen, generally but not exclusively on the right side, nausea, vomiting,low-grade fever, and elevated white blood cell counts. Treatment isappendectomy.
Appendix The apparently functionless wormlike or fingerlike attachment to thefirst part of the large intestine in the lower right abdomen.
Arteriogram An X-ray of an artery filled with a contrast medium.
Arteriosclerosis A disorder of the arteries, common with advancing age and incertain diseases (for example, hypertension), characterized by calcification,loss of elasticity and hardening of the walls of the arteries, resulting indecreased blood flow, especially to the brain and extremities. Symptoms includeintermittent limping, memory deficits, headache, and dizziness. There is nospecific treatment, but moderate exercise, a low-fat diet, and avoidance ofstress are generally recommended.
Artery A vessel that carries blood away from the heart to the other tissuesthroughout the body. Except for the pulmonary artery (which carries blood tothe lungs), arteries carry oxygen rich blood. Most arteries are named for thebody part they traverse or reach (for example, the femoral artery courses alongthe femur). See also Aorta.
Arthritis Inflammation of a joint that may cause swelling, redness, and pain.There are several types of arthritis, the most common of which are gout (goutyarthritis), osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis.
Artificial lnsemination (AI) Introduction of sperm into the female birth canalby means of an instrument (for example, a slender tube and syringe) to increasethe likelihood of conception. The sperm specimen may be provided by the woman'shusband (AIH) or partner or by an anonymous donor (AID).
Artificial respiration An emergency procedure for maintaining a flow of airthrough the pulmonary system, using mechanical means or hand pressure, to aid aperson whose breathing has stopped (for example, because of drowning, injury,or drugs) or is otherwise not controlled. See Cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
Asbestos A fiberlike, fire-resistant mineral commonly used as an insulator androofing material, it is now implicated in causing lung disease (asbestosis)even when inhaled in small amounts and for a limited time and as a carcinogen.
Asphyxia A condition in which insufficient or no oxygen reaches the tissues,thereby threatening the life of the organism. Common causes are drowning,electric shock, inhaling poison gas, and choking.
Aspirin Acetylsalicylic acid, a drug commonly used to relieve pain and reducefever and inflammation; it may also (in prescribed amounts) prevent bloodclotting and help prevent strokes, heart attacks, and cataracts. Side effectsinclude stomach discomfort and gastrointestinal bleeding; for these reasonsbuffered aspirins are available. Accidental overdosage of aspirin is a commonform of poisoning, especially among children.
Asthma A respiratory disorder characterized by recurrent episodes ofdifficulty in breathing, wheezing (especially on expiration), cough, and thickmucus production, usually caused by a spasm or inflammation of the bronchialairways. Attacks are precipitated by exposure to an allergen (for example,pollen, dust, food), strenuous exercise, stress, or infection. Asthma is mostcommon in childhood (occurring more often in boys) and has a strong hereditaryfactor. Treatment involves the use of bronchodilators and elimination of thecausative agent. Also called bronchial asthma.
Astigmatism A defect in vision in which the light rays cannot be focusedproperly on the retina because of abnormal curvature of the cornea or lens ofthe eye; corrective lenses improve vision.
Asymptomatic Without symptoms.
Atherosclerosis A common disorder of the arteries in which plaques of material(mostly cholesterol and lipids) form on the inner arterial walls, making themthick and nonelastic and narrowing the opening of the vessel, thus causingdecreased flow of blood to those organs supplied by the artery. Common withaging, a frequent complication of hypertension, obesity, and diabetes, andassociated with some hereditary metabolic disorders, atherosclerosis is animportant cause of heart disease. In some cases segments of occluded arteriesmay be surgically bypassed (as in coronary bypass surgery). Preventive measuresinclude a low-fat diet, exercise, and avoidance of smoking and stress.
Athlete's foot A fungal infection (ringworm) of the foot, generally startingbetween the toes causing itching. Later, bacteria may replace the fungus andcause the skin between the toes to turn white, crack, and peel off. Treatmentis by antifungal preparations.
Atrophy A decrease in size of a part or organ, resulting from a wasting awayof tissue, as may occur, for example, in disease or from lack of use.
Auditory canal The tubelike structure that leads from the outside of the earto the eardrum; also called auditory meatus.
Aura A sensation, as light, halos, or warmth, that may signal the start of amigraine or an epileptic attack.
Autism Abnormal withdrawal into oneself, marked by severe communicationproblems, short attention span, inability to interact socially, and extremeresistance to change. Children with autism are extremely difficult to teach.
Autoimmune disease Any of a large group of diseases marked by an abnormalityof the functioning of the immune system that causes the production ofantibodies against one's own tissues and other body materials. Autoimmunediseases include systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and othercollagen diseases; and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, autoimmuneleukopenia, and other hemolytic disorders.
Bacterium Any of a large group of small, unicellular microorganisms (classSchizomycetes) found in the soil, water, and air, some of which cause diseasein humans and other animals. Bacteria are generally classified as rodshaped(bacillus), spherical (coccus), comma-shaped (vibrio), or spiral (spirochete).
Barbiturate A drug (for example, phenobarbital) that depresses brain andspinal cord activity and was once widely used to treat convulsions and producesedation. Barbiturates are potentially habit forming and have largely beenreplaced by safer drugs.
Behavior modification A technique for changing undesirable behavior intoacceptable behavior, generally by rewarding appropriate responses and ignoringor punishing inappropriate behavior. Compare Biofeedback.
Benign Mild, noncancerous, and/or not spreading, as of a disease or growth,especially a benign tumor. Compare Malignant.
Bile A thick, yellow-green-brown fluid made by the liver, stored in thegallbladder, and discharged into the upper part of the digestive tract(duodenum), where it breaks down fats, preparing them for further digestion.Also called gall.
Biofeedback A technique, apparently learnable, that enables a person tomanipulate ordinarily involuntary processes, such as heartbeat and bloodpressure, through concentration and knowledge (feedback) of bodily effects orresponses as they occur and are monitored by special machines that providevisual and/or auditory data.
Biopsy The removal of a small amount of tissue and/or fluid from a living bodyand its examination by microscopic and/or other analytical methods to establishor confirm the presence of a disease, to follow its course, and/or to estimateits outcome. The specimen is usually obtained by suction through a needle, butother methods and instruments, including surgery, are also used.
Birth control See Contraception.
Birth control pill See Oral contraceptive.
Birth defect An abnormality that is present at birth. It may be the result ofa genetic abnormality or of an abnormality during pregnancy or the birthprocess. A cleft palate, resulting from incomplete development and union of theparts forming the palate, is an example of a birth defect. Also calledcongenital defect.
Bisexual (1) Having both male and female gonads; (2) having the drives andcharacteristics of both sexes; (3) participating in or desiring sexual contactwith persons of both sexes.
Bladder (1) The urinary bladder, a muscular and membranous sac that storesurine. Urine produced in the kidneys passes through the ureters into thebladder; sphincters control the release of urine from the bladder through theurethra and out of the body; (2) any saclike fibrous and membranous organ thatholds liquids secreted into it for later passage to another part of the body orout of the body, as in the gallbladder, which stores bile.
Blister A vesicle filled with serum; a collection of fluid below the skin,usually resulting from a burn.
Bloat Swelling or filling with gas, as in abdominal distension.
Blood A fluid tissue that is pumped by the heart through arteries,capillaries, and veins carrying oxygen and nutrients to body cells and carbondioxide and other waste products away from body cells. Human blood is composedof a pale yellow fluid called plasma in which are suspended red blood cells,white blood cells, platelets, and a variety of chemicals, including hormones,proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. Adult males have about 70 ml/kg of bodyweight, women about 65 ml/kg.
Blood bank A unit or department, usually associated with a hospital orlaboratory, that collects, processes and stores blood for use in bloodtransfusions and other purposes.
Blood cell Any of two types of cells -- red blood cells (erythrocytes) andwhite blood cells (leukocytes) -- found in human blood. Platelets, though nottrue cells, are also sometimes included.
Blood coagulation The process by which liquid blood is changed into asemi-solid mass, a blood clot. It can occur in an intact blood vessel butusually starts with an injury and the exposure of blood. Platelets clump at thewound site and chemical changes in the blood lead to the formation of a fibrinmeshwork and the trapping of blood cells into a clot. Also called bloodclotting.
Blood count The enumeration of red blood cells (erythrocytes), white bloodcells (leukocytes) and sometimes platelets found in an accurately diluted onecubic millimeter sample of blood. Erythrocytes normally number 4.5 million(women) to 5 million (men), leukocytes 5,000 to 10,000, and platelets 150,000to 450,000. Changes from the normal numbers usually indicate disease and areused as an aid to diagnosis.
Blood group The classification of blood, based on the presence or absence ofcertain antigens on the surface of red blood cells, used to determinecompatibility for transfusions. There are many systems for classifying blood;the most commonly used is the ABO blood group system.
Blood pressure The force of blood on the walls of the arteries resulting fromthe squeezing effect of the heart's left ventricle (systole), with residualmaintenance (diastole) as the heart chambers relax and expand. Abbreviated BP,blood pressure is usually measured, using a sphygmomanometer placed at thebrachial artery in the arm, as the force needed to raise a column of mercuryand expressed in millimeters (mm) of mercury (Hg) as a fraction, the uppernumber representing the systolic pressure, the lower number the diastolicpressure. Blood pressure varies with age, sex, condition of the arteries, forceof the heart muscle contraction, emotional state and general health of thearteries and heart. Adult blood pressure is usually considered normal at about120/80 mm Hg; in children it is lower. High blood pressure is termedhypertension; low blood pressure, hypotension.
Blood test Any of several techniques used to determine if the cellular makeup(for example, blood count), chemical levels (for example, amount of glucose),or other factors (for example, capillary blood coagulation time) are withinnormal limits or to ascertain if disease-producing organisms or their products,alcohol, drugs, or poisons are present.
Blood transfusion The administration of whole blood or its components toreplace blood lost through surgery, disease, or injury. Blood typing is thefirst step to ensure that the donor's and the recipient's blood match in thetransfusion of whole blood.
Blood typing A technique for determining a person's blood type or group. Intyping for the commonly used ABO blood group system, blood cells are matchedwith serum known to be type A or type B, and the blood type is determined bywhether clumping of the cells occurs.
Blood vessel Any of the network of tubes that transport blood throughout thebody, including arteries, veins, arterioles, and venules.
Bone marrow Specialized soft tissue found within bone. Red bone marrow,widespread in the bones of children and found in some adult bones (for example,sternum, ribs), is essential for the formation of mature red blood cells. Fatladen yellow bone marrow, more common in adults, is found primarily at the endsof long bones.
Booster injection A supplementary dose ("booster shot") of a vaccine or otherimmunizing substance, given to raise or restore the presumably waningeffectiveness of a previous dose.
Botulism Severe and often fatal form of food poisoning resulting from eatingfood (usually canned or otherwise preserved) containing the microorganismClostridium botulinum, which produces a toxin (botulin) that causes fatiguefollowed by marked disturbances in vision, muscle weakness, and often fatalrespiratory complications. Hospitalization and use of antitoxin are required.
Bowel The intestines, especially the large intestine.
Brain The mass of nervous tissue in the skull; the main part of the centralnervous system, the primary center for regulating body activities. The brainincludes the two hemispheres of the cerebrum, the cerebellum, the pons, and themedulla oblongata, each part with specialized functions. The brain is coveredby protective membranes (meninges) and has cavities (ventricles) containingfluid.
Brain death Irreversible unconsciousness with total loss of brain function,usually determined by loss of reflex activity and respiration and fixed,dilated pupils while the heart continues to beat. In the United States, legaldefinitions of brain death vary from state to state, but usually electricalactivity of the brain must be shown to be absent on at least twoelectroencephalograms taken 12 to 14 hours apart.
Brain scan A painless diagnostic procedure using radioactive isotopes toexamine the brain and localize and identify possible lesions or otherabnormalities. See also CAT scan.
Breast cancer One of the most common malignancies in women in the UnitedStates, with several known risk factors, including a family history of breastcancer, early menarche, late menopause, having no children or having them latein life, exposure to ionizing radiation, obesity, hypertension, chronic cysticdisease of the breast, and possibly a high-fat diet. Early symptoms are usuallydetected by the woman during breast self-examination and include a smallpainless lump, thick or dimpled skin, or a change in the nipple; later symptomsinclude nipple discharge, pain, and swollen lymph glands in the armpit area.Diagnosis is made by physical examination, mammography, and laboratoryexamination of tumor cells obtained through biopsy. Treatment depends on thelocation and size of the tumor and whether it has spread to other areas and maybe lumpectomy or some type (for example, radical or simple) of mastectomy,often followed by chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. Since early diagnosis andtreatment greatly improve the rate of cure, women are advised to practiceregular breast self-examination.
Bronchial asthma See Asthma.
Bronchitis Inflammation of the bronchial tubes. Acute bronchitis, a commondisorder often following an upper respiratory infection, is characterized bycough, fever, and chest pain. Treatment is by pain and fever reducers, steaminhalation and antibiotics, if indicated. Chronic bronchitis, bronchialinflammation that is persistent, often caused by cigarette smoking, exposure toother irritants, or recurrent infections, is characterized by mucus secretions,cough, and frequently increasing difficulty in breathing.
Bunion A swelling and thickening of the joint where the big toe joins thefoot, displacing the big toe toward the other toes. Caused by chronicirritation from ill-fitting shoes, bunions may become painful and requiresurgery.
Bursitis Inflammation of a bursa (a fluid-containing, membrane-lined cavitylocated in connecting tissues, usually in the vicinity of joints, wherefriction would otherwise occur) often precipitated by injury, infection,excessive trauma or effort, or arthritis or similar condition and characterizedby pain and often limited mobility. Treatment is by analgesics,anti-inflammatory agents, immobilization of the affected area, and in somecases the use of corticosteroid injections at the affected site.
Cancer An abnormal, malignant growth of cells that invade nearby tissues andoften spread (metastasize) to other sites in the body, interfering with thenormal function of the affected sites. Although the basic cause of cancerremains unknown, most forms of cancer can be traced to a specific causal orprecipitating factor, as, for example, cigarette smoking, exposure tocancer-producing chemicals or ionizing radiation, or overexposure to the sun;viruses are associated with some cancers and genetic (familial) susceptibilityplays a role in certain forms of the disease. The incidence of different typesof cancer varies greatly with age, sex, ethnic group, and geographic location.In the United States cancer is second to heart disease as a cause of death withbreast cancer and lung cancer leading the statistics. The parts of the bodymost often affected by cancer are the breast, lungs, colon, uterus, oralcavity, and bone marrow. Major signs of cancer include a change in bladder orbowel habits; a sore that does not heal; a persistent cough or hoarseness;unusual bleeding or discharge; thickening or lump in the breast or other partof the body; indigestion or difficulty in swallowing; and change in a wart ormole. The treatment of cancer may involve surgery, the irradiation of affectedparts, and/or the use of chemotherapy. The prognosis depends on the type andsite of the cancer, the promptness of initial treatment, and other factors;about one-third of those patients with newly diagnosed cancers are ultimatelypermanently cured. See also Breast cancer; Carcinoma; Leukemia; Lymphoma;Sarcoma.
Capillary (1) A tiny blood vessel, connecting arterioles and venules. Throughthe one-cell-layer-thick walls (approximately 0.008 mm diameter) of capillariesoxygen and nutrients are passed from arterioles to body tissues and carbondioxide and other wastes are passed from body tissue to venules; (2) any othersmall, hairlike tube for carrying lymph or other material.
Carbon monoxide poisoning A toxic condition caused by the inhalation andabsorption of carbon monoxide gas. The carbon monoxide combines withhemoglobin, displacing oxygen, and causes loss of oxygen to body tissues.Symptoms include headache, shortness of breath, confusion, drowsiness,unconsciousness, and if continued, death. Treatment involves removal of thecarbon monoxide environment and the administration of oxygen.
Carcinogen A specific substance or chemical that gives rise to a cancer; acancer-forming agent.
Carcinoma A malignant growth of cells (epithelial cells) that arises in thecoverings and linings of the body parts (for example, skin and mucousmembranes) and in glands; these cells tend to invade adjacent tissues and tospread (metastasize) to other parts of the body via the lymphatic channelsand/or bloodstream. Compare Leukemia; Lymphoma; Sarcoma.
Cardiac arrest A sudden cessation of cardiac output and blood circulation,usually caused by ventricular fibrillation or other serious abnormality infunction of the ventricles of the heart, and leading to oxygen lack, buildup ofcarbon dioxide, acidosis, and, if untreated, to kidney, lung, and brain damageand death. Treatment is by immediate cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Alsocalled cardiopulmonary arrest.
Cardiac arrhythmia Abnormal rate of electrical activity in the heart, causedby malfunction of impulse-conducting fibers in the heart or inability of theheart to respond to stress.
Cardiac monitor A device for continual observation of the function of theheart. It may include electrocardiograph, oscilloscope, and other recordings ofheart function; there may be an alarm to alert medical personnel to abnormalchanges.
Cardiogram Electronic recording of the rhythm and changes in the heart. Alsocalled electrocardiogram.
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) An emergency procedure, consisting ofexternal cardiac massage and artificial respiration, used as the firsttreatment for a person who has collapsed, is unresponsive, has no pulse, andhas stopped breathing. The purpose is to restore blood circulation and preventdeath or brain damage due to lack of oxygen. CPR may be performed as a one-ortwo-person technique. Currently, the American Heart Association recommends thatlaypeople be taught only the one-person method, which involves cardiaccompressions at a rate of 80 to 100 per minute, with two artificial breathsinterspersed between every 15 compressions. As a rule, CPR should not beperformed by untrained individuals, though emergency dispatchers havesuccessfully given instructions over the phone to people at the bedside ofcardiac arrest victims. A portion of every CPR class is dedicated to teachingthe treatment of airway obstruction. See also Heimlich maneuver.
Cardiovascular system Body parts, including the heart and blood vessels,involved in the pumping of blood and transport of nutrients, oxygen, and wasteproducts throughout the body.
Carrier A person, generally in apparent good health, who harbors organismsthat can infect and cause disease in others. Probably the most notoriouscarrier was Typhoid Mary.
Cartilage Tough supporting connective tissue serving to protect and connectbody parts; it is found chiefly in body tubes (for example, trachea) andjoints. (In the embryo the parts of the skeleton that develop into bone.)Cartilage has no nerves or blood supply of its own.
CAT (Computerized Axial Tomography) scan A method for examining the body'ssoft tissues (for example, the brain) using X rays, with the beam passingrepeatedly (scanning) through a body part, and a computer calculating tissueabsorption at each point scanned, from which a visualization of the tissue isdeveloped. The technique enables the radiologist to study normal structures aswell as detect tumors, fluid buildup, dead tissue, and other abnormalities.
Cataract An eye disorder in which the lens becomes less transparent (moreopaque) so that light rays cannot reach the retina and there is progressivepainless loss of vision. Most cataracts are caused by degenerative changesafter age 50, but some may be caused by trauma to the eye or exposure tocertain chemicals; some are hereditary and some congenital (due perhaps toviral infection during pregnancy). Treatment is removal of the lens and use ofspecial contact lenses or eyeglasses or the implantation of an intraocular lens(IOL); in children soft cataracts may be removed by fragmentation (viaultrasound) and drainage.
Cathartic An agent that promotes evacuation of the bowel, especially fluidevacuation by stimulating peristalsis (for example, senna, aloe products); byincreasing the bulk or fluidity of the feces (for example, magnesium sulfate,magnesium hydroxide); or by lubricating the intestinal wall (for example,mineral oil). Compare Laxative.
Catheter A flexible, usually rubber or soft plastic, tube inserted into thebody for removing or instilling fluids for diagnosis or treatment purposes. Inits most common use a catheter is inserted through the urethra into the bladderto withdraw urine and empty (for example, before surgery) or irrigate thebladder.
Cauterize To destroy tissue for medical reasons (for example, the removal of awart) by burning with a hot iron, electron current, or chemical.
Cell An individual living unit, the basic unit of structure for tissues andorgans, composed of an outer membrane, a main mass, and a nucleus, whichcontrols the cell's metabolism and reproduction.
Cellulose The basic constituent (a polysaccharide) of plant fiber, providingbulk necessary for proper intestinal function. Fruit, bran, and greenvegetables provide cellulose.
Celsius Pertaining to a temperature scale in which the freezing point of wateris 0 degree and the boiling point is 100 degrees, as compared with 32 degreesand 212 degrees, respectively on the Fahrenheit scale. The name, commonlyabbreviated as C, honors Anders Celsius, who devised it. Also calledcentigrade.
Central nervous system One of the two main divisions of the human nervoussystem (the other being the peripheral nervous system), consisting of the brainand the spinal cord, made up of gray matter (mostly nerve cells and associatedparts) and white matter (mostly nerve fibers), and containing protectivecerebrospinal fluid. The main coordinating and controlling center of the body,the central nervous system processes information to and from the peripheralnervous system.
Cerebral hemorrhage Flow of blood from a ruptured blood vessel in the brain;causes include high blood pressure, head injuries, and aneurysm. Symptoms,which depend on the site of the bleeding and the type of blood vessel involved,may include numbness and diminished mental function, or, if severe, coma anddeath. See also Cerebrovascular Accident.
Cerebral palsy Loss or deficiency of muscle control due to permanent,nonprogressive brain damage occurring before or at the time of birth. Symptomsinclude difficulty in walking, poor coordination of the limbs, lack of balance,speech or other sense organ difficulties, and sometimes mental retardation.Treatment depends on the difficulties present and may include leg braces,speech therapy, and antispasmodic or muscle-relaxing drugs.
Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) An abnormal condition in which hemorrhage orblockage of the blood vessels of the brain leads to oxygen lack and resultingsymptoms -- sudden loss of ability to move a body part (as an arm or parts ofthe face) or to speak, paralysis, weakness, or, if severe, death. Usually onlyone side of the body is affected. Physical therapy and speech therapy canresult in some degree of recovery. Also called stroke.
Cervix The neck or necklike part of an organ, especially the neck of theuterus, that part of the uterus that extends into the vagina; dilation of thecervix permits the passage of the fetus in childbirth.
Cesarean section Surgical incision through the abdomen and uterus for removalof a fetus, performed when conditions (for example, maternal hemorrhage,premature separation of the placenta, fetal distress, baby too large forpassage through mother's pelvis) for normal vaginal delivery are deemedhazardous for mother or baby. The rate of Cesarean deliveries in the UnitedStates has recently increased. Hazards include those of major surgery for themother and the possibility of too-early birth of the baby. Also calledCaesarean; C-section.
Change of life Colloquial for menopause.
Chemotherapy The treatment of disease by chemical agents. The term includesthe use of drugs (for example, antibacterials, antifungals) to harm or killdisease-causing microorganisms but most commonly refers to the use of drugs totreat cancer. Anticancer (antineoplastic) drugs generally inhibit theproliferation of cells and include alkylating agents (for example,chlorambucil), antimetabolites (for example, fluorouracil), periwinkle plantderivatives (for example, vincristine), antineoplastic antibiotics (forexample, adramycin, mithramycin), and radioactive isotopes (for example,iodine-131, phosphorus-32, gold-198). All these agents are associated with sideeffects, the most common of which are nausea and vomiting, suppression of bonemarrow function, and loss of hair. Medications are available to alleviate someside effects.
Chickenpox An acute contagious disease, caused by herpes varicella zostervirus, characterized by a rash of vesicles on the face and body. Chickenpox isa common childhood disease; it is usually mild in otherwise healthy childrenbut may be serious in babies, children weakened by other diseases, and inadults. After an incubation period of two to three weeks, the disease usuallybegins with slight fever and malaise, after which itchy macules develop oftenfirst on the back and chest; followed by fluid-containing vesicles that breakeasily and become encrusted. Treatment consists of fever-reducing drugs,lotions to relieve itching, and rest. No vaccine against chickenpox isavailable; one attack usually confers life-long immunity, but the virus laysdormant in nerve cells, sometimes to be reactivated, causing shingles. Alsocalled varicella. See also Herpes zoster.
Child abuse The physical, emotional, or sexual maltreatment of a child, oftenresulting in serious and often permanent injury or impairment and sometimes indeath. Abuse may be overt, as in severely beating a child, or covert, as indepriving a child of needed affection and emotional support. The abuser may bea parent, a sibling (often older and stronger), another relative, or anunrelated adult. Child abuse occurs at all socioeconomic levels (though it isprobably reported more often among the poor, who visit hospital clinics orsocial agencies) and involves children and parents of all ages, but certainfactors are thought to increase the risk. Especially at risk are parents whoare very young and/or emotionally unstable, who were themselves abused aschildren, or who are involved in marital strife or are undergoing other extremestress (e.g., unemployment); and children who are very young (particularly incases of beating and physical abuse), who are difficult by temperament, or whohave emotional or physical handicaps.
Chinese restaurant syndrome A group of symptoms -- headache, a tingling andburning sensation, and sometimes a feeling of facial pressure -- caused byeating food containing monosodium glutamate (MSG), which is often used inChinese cooking. Many restaurants have now stopped using MSG in their food.
Chiropractic A system of diagnosis and treatment based on the belief that manydiseases are caused by pressure on nerves due to misalignments (subluxations)of the spinal column and that such diseases can be treated by correction (forexample, by massage) of the misalignment.
Chronic Long-lasting or frequently recurring (for example, pain). CompareAcute.
Cilia (1) Eyelashes; (2) hairlike projections from a cell, especially in theupper respiratory tract, where cilia move particles of dust or other materials.
Circulatory system Network of channels through which a fluid passes around thebody, especially, the network of arteries and veins transporting blood in thebody.
Circumcision Surgical removal of the foreskin (prepuce) of the penis widelyperformed on newborn boys (required in the Jewish and certain other religions)though its medical benefit is not proved and some risks (for example, injury tothe urethra, hemorrhage) are associated with the procedure.
Cirrhosis A chronic diseased condition of the liver in which fibrous tissueand nodules replace normal tissue, interfering with blood flow and normalfunctions of the organ, including gastrointestinal functions, hormonemetabolism, and alcohol and drug detoxification. A chief cause of cirrhosis ischronic alcoholism, and hepatitis and other infections may also be responsible.Symptoms include nausea, flatulence, light-colored stools, and abdominaldiscomfort. Treatment is by rest, a protein-rich diet, and abstinence fromalcohol. If untreated, liver and kidney failure and gastrointestinal hemorrhagecan occur, leading to death.
Clot A clump of material formed out of the contents of a fluid, as of blood.See Blood coagulation.
Coagulation The clotting process. See Blood coagulation.
Cobalt A metallic element, the radioactive isotope of which (60Co) is used inthe treatment of cancer. Cobalt is contained in vitamin B12.
Cocaine A white, crystalline powder, derived from the leaves of the coca plantor prepared synthetically, and used widely as an anesthetic. Cocaine is also adrug of abuse, used for its stimulating properties. Adverse reactions,especially when used illicitly, include restlessness, euphoria, tremors,stroke, and myocardial infarction. Cocaine is addictive and is associated withdeath due to heart attacks and cardiovascular accidents (strokes), even inyoung people.
Codeine A chemical (alkaloid), derived from opium or morphine, used as a painreliever and cough suppressant. Side effects include nausea, constipation, anddrowsiness; if taken in large amounts or for a long period, it is potentiallyaddictive.
Coitus The sexual union of a man and a woman in which the penis is insertedinto the vagina, usually accompanied by excitement and often orgasm andejaculation.
Cold Infection involving the nasal passages and upper part of the breathingsystem (not including the lungs) and marked by such symptoms as a runny nose,watery eyes, and a sore throat. Caused by one of many different viruses, a coldmay be treated with rest, decongestants, and increased fluids, but usually notwith antibiotics, which do not affect viruses. Also called common cold.
Cold sore A "fever blister" caused by herpes simplex virus, occurring on theskin or mucous membranes (for example, at the corner of the mouth).
Colic (1) Acute pain in the gut, especially intestinal pain with spasms(cramps); acute pain associated with passage of a stone or spasm ofsmooth-muscle tube or other organ, as in the passage of gallstones (biliarycolic) or kidney stones (renal colic); (2) in infants, recurrent (usuallydaily, often at the same time of day) episodes of persistent crying, usuallyaccompanied by signs of abdominal distress; it may be caused by intestinal gas(from air swallowed with food), though other explanations (for example,neurological immaturity) have also been proposed.
Colitis Inflammation of the colon, either episodic and functional (irritablebowel syndrome, spastic colon) or more serious chronic and progressive boweldisease (for example Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis). Irritable bowelattacks, often precipitated by stress, are characterized by colicky pain andconstipation or diarrhea; they are treated by stress avoidance and a blanddiet. Chronic diseases lead to ulceration of intestinal tissue, bleeding,severe diarrhea, and other complications.
Colon The segment of large intestine from the cecum to the rectum.
Colostomy The surgical creation of an opening (stoma) in the abdominal wall toallow material to pass from the bowel through that opening rather than throughthe anus. A colostomy may be temporary, to allow an inflamed area of theintestine to heal, or it may be permanent, as in cancer of the colon or rectum.
Colostrum First fluid given off by the mother's breasts just before or afterthe birth of her baby; it contains white blood cells, protective antibodies,protein, and fat in a thin, yellow fluid.
Coma A state of profound unconsciousness from which one cannot be aroused,resulting from drug action, toxicity (as in nephritis), brain injury, ordisease.
Communicable disease Any disease transmitted from one person or animal toanother, either directly through body discharges (for example, nasal droplets,sputum, feces) or indirectly through substances or objects (for example,contaminated drinking glasses, toys, bed linens) or vectors (for example,flies, mosquitoes, ticks). Communicable diseases include those caused byviruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites. Also called contagious disease.
Compress A pad, usually of cloth or gauze (sometimes hot, cold, or medicated),applied with pressure to an inflamed part or to a wound to help controlbleeding or to keep parts from protruding through a wound.
Compression bandage A strip of cloth wrapped around a part to stop hemorrhage,immobilize the part, or keep fluid from collecting in a limb.
Conception (1) Fertilization of the female egg cell (ovum) by a male spermcell; the beginning of pregnancy; (2) the originating of a new idea; (3) aconcept.
Concussion A violent jarring or shaking, as from a severe blow or shock,especially one to the head. A concussion may cause a limited period ofunconsciousness.
Condom A thin sheath, usually of rubber or plastic, placed over the penis andused during coitus as a protection against sexually transmitted diseases (forexample, AIDS) and as a reasonably effective contraceptive.
Congenital Present at birth. A congenital anomaly (abnormality) may beinherited, acquired during pregnancy, or inflicted as the result of the birthprocess.
Conjunctivitis Inflammation of the mucous membrane lining of the eyelids andthe front of the eye, caused by bacterial or viral infection, allergy, orirritation. The eyes look pink; the eyelids are stuck together in the morning,and there is discomfort, but usually not pain. Treatment depends on the cause.Also called pinkeye.
Connective tissue Material that supports and binds other tissues and parts ofthe body; it includes skin, bone, tendons, ligaments, and interlacing fibrils.Many diseases of connective tissue are difficult to cure, for example, lupuserythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and sarcoidosis.
Constipation Difficulty in having bowel movements because of loss of muscletone in the intestine, very hard stools, or other causes (for example,diverticulitis, intestinal obstruction). An increase in roughage (fruits,vegetables, bran) in the diet along with plenty of water often helps thiscondition.
Contact dermatitis A skin rash resulting from exposure to an irritant such asan alkali or acid or to a substance to which one has an allergic response (forexample, poison ivy). See also Rhus dermatitis.
Contact lens A small, curved, glass or plastic lens placed on the eye tocorrect vision. The lens is fitted to the individual's eye and made to float ona tear film. Contact lenses must be inserted carefully and periodically removedand cleaned. Soft contact lenses, made of a hydrophilic plastic, are morecomfortable and can be worn for longer periods than glass contact lenses.
Contamination The inclusion, intentionally or accidentally, of unwantedsubstances or factors; pollution.
Continence (1) Self-restraint or moderation, as in eating or in sexualactivity; (2) the ability to hold urine and feces and to voluntarily controltheir passage from the body.
Contraception A process or technique for the prevention of pregnancy. Methodsinclude total abstinence from coitus; coitus interruptus (withdrawal); periodicabstinence or rhythm (refraining from coitus during a woman's fertile time, thetime around ovulation, which is determined by the calendar method or bydetermination of basal temperature); the use of mechanical devices to blocksperm from moving up the female genital tract (including the condom, diaphragm,intrauterine device [IUD], cervical cap, sponge); biochemical methods (birthcontrol pill or oral contraceptive, hormonal injections); chemical means(spermicidal creams, jellies, foams, and suppositories); and sterilization(vasectomy in men, tubal ligation in women).
Contraction (1) A shortening, or tension increase, as in muscle action; apersistent abnormal shortening; (2) in labor, rhythmic tightening of the upperuterine musculature that decreases the size of the uterus and pushes the fetusthrough the birth canal; uterine contractions typically begin mildly and thenincrease in severity and frequency, sometimes coming at a rate of one every twominutes and lasting about one minute.
Contusion A bruise; a superficial, nonlacerating injury from a blow.
Convalescence A period of recovery from injury, illness, or surgery, generallythe time after the crisis has passed until health is regained.
Convulsion A sudden, involuntary and violent contraction of a group ofmuscles, sometimes with loss of consciousness; sometimes caused by high feverin otherwise healthy infants and young children, or it may occur in a seizuredisorder (for example, epilepsy) or following head injury.
Corn Horny mass of epithelial cells overlying a bone, usually on the toes andresulting from chronic pressure (for example, from ill-fitting shoes).Treatment includes paring or peeling of the hard tissue and relief of thepressure.
Cornea The outer, transparent portion of the eye, consisting of five layersthrough which light passes to the retina.
Corneal transplant (graft) Replacement of a diseased or damaged cornea withone taken from a donor eye, usually from a person who recently died.
Coronary artery One of a pair of arteries that branch from the aorta andsupply the heart. Any malfunction or disease of these arteries (coronary arterydisease such as coronary atherosclerosis) can seriously affect the heart (forexample depriving it of necessary oxygen and nutrients).
Coronary bypass A type of open-heart surgery in which a prosthesis or sectionof a blood vessel (for example, the saphenous vein) is grafted onto a coronaryartery and connected to the aorta to bypass a diseased or blocked section ofthe coronary artery in an effort to improve the blood supply to the heart,decrease the work load of the heart, and relieve angina. The operation wasintroduced in the 1960s and has been widely used since, but the possible risksof thrombosis or closure of the graft and the benefits of alternative methodsof treatment have made the operation somewhat controversial.
Coronary occlusion An obstruction of a coronary artery, caused by a blood clotor progressive atherosclerosis.
Cortisone A hormone of the adrenal cortex that functions in carbohydratemetabolism and which, as a drug, is used to treat inflammatory conditions.
CPR See Cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
Crab louse A body louse (Phthirus pubis) that infects the hair of the genitalregion and is often transmitted venereally.
Crack Street term for an illicit preparation of cocaine that is far morepotent, addictive, and dangerous than the typical nasally inhaled powder form.Crack has precipitated strokes and heart attacks in young, previously healthyindividuals, sometimes resulting in death.
Cranial nerves The 12 pairs of nerves, each pair having sensory or motorfunctions, or both, that extend from the brain without passing through thespinal cord. (The XIth pair arises from both the brain and the upper spinalcord.) The 12 pairs of nerves are: olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear,trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear (acoustic), glossopharyngeal,vagus, (spinal) accessory, hypoglossal.
Cranium The skull; specifically the bony enclosure of the brain; it iscomposed of eight bones (frontal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid, two temporaland two parietal).
Crib death See Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS).
Cryosurgery The use of extreme cold (for example, liquid nitrogen) to destroyunwanted tissue (for example, warts, cataracts, skin cancer). The cooling agentis applied by means of a metal probe; temperatures as low as -160 degrees C canbe achieved.
C-section See Cesarean section.
Culture A deliberate growing of microorganisms in a solid or liquid medium(for example agar, gelatin).
Curettage The scraping of a cavity, especially the inside of the uterus orother surface, either to remove a tumor or other unwanted material or to obtaina sample of tissue for analysis.
Cyst (1) A closed, fluid-filled sac embedded in tissue (as in the breast) thatis abnormal or results from disease; (2) an anatomically normal sac (forexample, the gallbladder or the dacrocyst, the tear sac in the eye).
Cystic fibrosis An inherited disease, usually recognized in infancy or earlychildhood, in which the glands, especially those of the pancreas, lungs, andintestines, become clogged with thick mucus. The sweat is typically salty,containing high levels of sodium and chloride. Respiratory infections arecommon and can lead to death. Life expectancy has improved markedly and manyvictims now reach adulthood. Also called fibrocystic disease of the pancreas;mucoviscidosis.
Cystitis Inflammation of the urinary bladder and ureters, characterized bypain, urgency and frequency of urination, and blood in the urine. More commonin women, it may be caused by bacterial infection, stones, tumor, or trauma.Treatment depends on the cause and may include increased fluid intake andantibiotics.
D and C See Dilatation and Curettage.
Decongestant A drug (for example, epinephrine) that reduces congestion;decongestants may be applied as nasal sprays or drops or taken by mouth.
Defecation The passage of feces out of the body; bowel movement.
Defibrillation The stopping, usually by electric shock, of heart musclecontractions that are out of normal rhythm (are fibrillating). In this commonemergency procedure, a defibrillator delivers an electric shock (of presetvoltage) to the heart through the chest wall in an attempt to restore normalheart rhythm.
Deformity Condition in which the body in general or any part of it (forexample, the hand) is misshapen, distorted, or malformed. A deformity mayresult from injury, disease, or birth defect (for example, Arnold-Chiarideformity in which part of the brain protrudes through the skull).
Degeneration Physical and/or mental decline that involves tissue and cellularchanges and the loss of specialized function; the extreme result is death ofthe parts involved and loss of their function.
Degenerative disorder Any of several conditions that lead to progressive lossof function (for example, chorea, parkinsonism).
Dehydration Extreme loss of water from the body tissues, often accompanied byimbalance of sodium, potassium, chloride, and other electrolytes in the body.Dehydration may occur in prolonged diarrhea, vomiting, or perspiration and isof more concern in infants and young children. Symptoms include thirst, dryskin, cracked lips, and dry mouth. Treatment involves restoring the fluid andelectrolyte balance either by having the person drink liquids or by theintravenous administration of water and salts.
Deja vu A sense that what one is seeing or experiencing has been encounteredbefore, when actually it has not. Deja vu occurs in normal persons but is morefrequent in certain disorders (for example, some forms of epilepsy).
Delirium A usually brief state of incoherent excitement, confused speech,restlessness, and hallucinations. It may occur in high fever, ingestion ofcertain toxic substances and drugs, nutritional deficiencies, endocrineimbalance, or severe stress (for example, postoperative) or mental illness.Treatment includes bed rest, quiet, the use of drugs to quiet the patient, andtreatment of the underlying cause. Compare Dementia.
Delirium Tremens (DTs) Acute and severe (sometimes fatal) mental disturbancecaused by prolonged and excessive alcohol intake or by withdrawal from alcoholuse after prolonged drinking. Symptoms include loss of appetite andrestlessness, followed by excitement, disorientation, sweating, shaking,anxiety, extreme perspiration, and terrifying hallucinations. The acuteepisode, a medical emergency, is followed by sleep and convalescence, sometimesplagued by complications such as respiratory infections, heart failure, andextreme fatigue. Treatment includes use of sedative drugs and adequatenutrition (usually including vitamin supplements).
Dementia A progressive state of mental decline, especially of memory functionand judgment, often accompanied by disorientation, stupor, and disintegrationof the personality. It may be caused by certain metabolic diseases, drugintoxication, or injury, in which cases it is often reversible once theunderlying cause is treated. In other cases it is caused by a disease (forexample, Alzheimer's disease), brain injury, or degeneration brought about byaging (senile dementia) that causes irreversible changes. Compare Delirium.
Depilatory A chemical or other agent that removes hair.
Depressant A drug that decreases or slows the function or activity of a bodypart or system (for example, a cardiac depressant slows the heartbeat).
Depression (1) In anatomy, a hollow or depressed area, a downward placement,(2) in physiology, a decrease in function or activity; (3) in psychology, adejected state of mind with feelings of sadness, discouragement, andhopelessness, often accompanied by reduced activity and ability to function,unresponsiveness, apathy, and sleep disturbances. The condition may be mild andtemporary, a sign of emotional disorder, or severe and long-lasting and a signof serious psychosis. Treatment depends on the severity of the condition andmay include psychotherapy, use of antidepressant drugs, and occasionally theuse of electroshock therapy. Evidence indicates that a tendency toward someforms of depression may be inherited. See Psychology.
Dermatitis Acute or chronic inflammation of the skin, which becomes red anditchy and may develop blisters or other eruptions. There are many causes,including allergy, disease (for example, eczema), and infection. Treatmentdepends on the cause.
Dermatology The medical specialty concerned with the skin and its development,function, diseases, and treatment.
Detached retina Separation of the retina from the choroid in the back of theeye, usually resulting from internal changes in the eye, sometimes from severeinjury. Symptoms include the sensation of flashing lights as the eye is movedand the appearance of floating spots in front of the eye. Treatment is bycauterization or other surgery.
Detoxification Process of removing a poison (toxin) or neutralizing itseffect, normally a function of the liver.
Deviated septum An abnormal shift in position of any wall-like part thatseparates two chambers, most often referring to the nasal cavity. Deviatednasal septum is a common condition, causing symptoms of obstructed nasalpassages, sinusitis, recurrent infection, nosebleeds, and difficulty inbreathing. Treatment is by surgery.
Diabetes mellitus A complex and chronic disorder of metabolism due to total orpartial lack of insulin secretion by the pancreas (specifically by the betacells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas) or to the inability ofinsulin to function normally in the body. Symptoms include excessive thirst andurination, weight loss, and the presence of excessive sugar in the urine andthe blood. The disease is common and evidence suggests that the incidence isincreasing. There are two major forms: generally more severe, inherited,juvenile diabetes and usually less severe adult, or late-onset, diabetes, whichusually appears between the ages of 40 and 60; in adult diabetes a hereditarypredisposition may be triggered by obesity, severe stress, pregnancy,menopause, or other factors. There is no cure for diabetes mellitus. Treatmentdepends on the severity of the disease; mild forms may be managed with dietalone, but other cases require the use of drugs to lower blood sugar levels(oral antidiabetics) or injections of insulin. Severe and/or untreated casesfrequently lead to serious complications, including premature atherosclerosis,often affecting the legs and leading to ulcers of the feet; kidney disorders;and eye disorders, sometimes leading to blindness. See also Diabetic coma;Insulin shock.
Diabetic coma A condition that can occur in diabetes mellitus as a result offailure to take prescribed insulin or the presence of some stress (for example,infection, surgery) that increases the need for insulin. Warning signs includegreat thirst, headache, nausea, and vomiting. If left untreated, the conditioncan lead to death. Treatment includes the administration of insulin and stepsto correct dehydration and electrolyte imbalances. Compare Insulin shock.
Dialysis (1) A method, involving a semipermeable membrane, used to separatesmaller particles from larger ones; (2) a medical procedure for filtering wasteproducts from the blood of some kidney-disease patients or for removing poisonsor drugs.
Diaphragm (1) The muscular partition that divides the chest from the abdomenand functions in respiration, moving downward during inspiration (breathing in)to increase the volume of the thoracic (chest) cavity and moving upward duringexpiration (breathing out) to decrease the volume; (2) a rubber or plasticdome-shaped cup that fits over the cervix of the uterus and that is used, withspermicidal jelly, as a contraceptive; it acts as a barrier to the passage ofsperm upward in the female reproductive tract.
Diarrhea The frequent passage of loose, watery stools (the stools may containmucus, blood, or excessive fat), sometimes accompanied by nausea, vomiting,abdominal cramps, and feelings of malaise and weakness. Diarrhea may be asymptom of a viral or bacterial infection (mild or severe), food poisoning,disorder of the colon (for example, colitis), gastrointestinal tumor, metabolicdisorder, or other abnormal condition. Untreated, it can lead to dehydration,electrolyte imbalance, and weakness. Treatment depends on the cause, but thesymptom itself may be treated with an antidiarrheal drug (for example,Lomotil).
Diastole The period between two contractions of the heart, when the chamberswiden and fill with blood. On heart muscle contraction (systole), the blood ispumped through the heart and into the arteries. (In blood pressure readings,diastole is the second [or lower] number given.)
Digestion The process of breaking down food, by mechanical (for example,chewing, churning) and chemical (for example, the action of enzymes) means,into substances that can be absorbed and used by the body.
Digestive system Those parts of the body that function in a coordinated mannerfor the digestion and absorption of food. Included are the digestive tube andaccessory organs (for example, gallbladder, liver) that secrete enzymes used inthe digestion of foods.
Dilatation and Curettage (D & C) Dilatation of the cervix of the uterus andscraping of the endometrium (lining) of the uterus. It is a common procedure,usually performed using local anesthetic, to remove uterine tissue forexamination and diagnosis, to stop prolonged or heavy bleeding, to remove theproducts of conception (a method of abortion), to remove retained fragments ofthe placenta after childbirth or abortion, and to remove small tumors.
Diphtheria An acute, contagious infection caused by the bacteriumCorynebacterium diphtheriae, which produces a toxin affecting the whole body,and characterized by severe inflammation of the throat and larynx withproduction of a membrane lining the throat, along with fever, chills, malaise,brassy cough, and, in some cases (especially if untreated or unusually severe),by impaired function of the heart muscle and peripheral nerves. More common inchildren and once epidemic in many parts of the world, it is now rare in theUnited States because of routine immunization (DPT) against the disease.Treatment is by diphtheria antitoxin, antibiotics, rest, increased fluidintake, and tracheostomy, if necessary.
Diploid Pertaining to an individual or cell that has two complete sets ofhomologous chromosomes, one set from each parent; the diploid chromosome numberis found in somatic (body) cells, not in gametes (sex cells), and ischaracteristic for each species, being 46 in normal human body cells.
Disc A flattened, rounded part, especially referring to the cushioning tissuesbetween the vertebrae.
Diuretic A drug that promotes the production and excretion of urine; it iscommonly used in the treatment of edema, hypertension, and congestive heartfailure. There are several types of diuretics, including thiazides (for examplechlorothiazide [Diuril] and hydrochlorothiazide [Esidrix]), loop diuretics(furosemide [Lasix]), and others (spironolactone [Aldactone]). Several adversereactions are common to diuretics, chiefly electrolyte (especially sodium andpotassium) imbalances.
Diverticulitis Inflammation of an abnormal sac (diverticulum) at a weakenedpoint in the digestive tract, especially the colon. Symptoms include cramp likeabdominal pain, fever, and diarrhea or constipation. Treatment is by rest,antibiotics; severe cases may require surgery.
Douche Introduction of a jet of water or special fluid into or around a givenpart, especially the vagina, to cleanse or free the part from odor-causingcontents, or to treat pelvic or vaginal infection.
Down syndrome A congenital defect, usually caused by the presence of an extraNo. 21 chromosome (trisomy) and characterized by mental retardation (the I.Q.averages 50 to 60); oblique placement of the eyes; a small head, flattened atthe back; a large, furrowed tongue; short stature; bowel defects; and heartabnormalities. This syndrome, the most common of the chromosomal abnormalities,is associated with advanced maternal age, especially over 35 (1 in 80 offspringof women over 40 are affected); it can be detected through amniocentesis. Careof a Down syndrome child involves both the prevention of physical problems (forexample, respiratory infections, to which these children are especially prone)and long-range programs to promote mental and motor skills.
Durable power of attorney A legal document that allows a competent patient todesignate a surrogate, typically a relative or close friend, to make medicaldecisions if the patient loses his/her decision-making capacity. The surrogateshould base decisions on the patient's previously expressed preferences, ifknown, or what is considered to be in the patient's best interest, if his/herwishes are not known.
Dysentery Intestinal inflammation caused by bacteria, protozoa, parasites, orchemical irritants and marked by abdominal pain; frequent, bloody stools; andrectal spasms. Treatment includes replacement of lost fluids and sometimesantibiotics.
Dyslexia An impairment of the ability to read in which letters and words arereversed. Dyslexia, which affects more boys than girls, is usually linked to acentral nervous system disorder, although some experts believe that itrepresents a complex of problems, possibly including visual defects, impairedhearing, stress, and inadequate instruction.
Dyspepsia Stomach upset; a disorder of the digestive function, marked by vaguediscomfort, heartburn, or nausea.
Dysplasia A general term for any abnormal change or development, as in theshape or size of cells.
ECG Abbreviation for electrocardiogram.
Ectopic pregnancy An abnormal pregnancy, occurring in about 2% of allpregnancies, in which the fertilized egg (embryo) implants outside of theuterus, most often (90%) in the Fallopian tube (tubal pregnancy) butoccasionally in the ovary (ovarian pregnancy) or abdominal cavity (abdominalpregnancy). As the embryo develops the tube ruptures or other complicationsarise, usually causing hemorrhage and requiring immediate surgery. Also calledextrauterine pregnancy.
Eczema An inflammation of the skin that usually produces itching and thedevelopment of small blisterlike formations that release fluid and then form acrust. It may be caused by contact with a specific irritant or occur withoutapparent cause.
Edema The abnormal collection of fluid in spaces between cells, especiallyjust under the skin or in a given cavity (for example, peritoneal cavity) ororgan (for example, the lungs [pulmonary edema]). Causes include injury, heartdisease, kidney failure, cirrhosis, and allergy. Treatment depends on thecause.
EEG Abbreviation for electroencephalogram.
Ego Term used by Freud and now generally accepted to mean the self, especiallythe conscious self. Compare Id; Superego.
Ejaculate The sperm-containing fluid (semen) emitted during ejaculation.
Ejaculation The sudden discharge of semen during coitus, masturbation, ornocturnal emission. The fluid volume of each ejaculation is between 2 and 5milliliters, and it contains between 50,000,000 to 150,000,000 spermatozoa. Thesensation of ejaculation is called orgasm.
EKG Abbreviation for electrocardiogram (the preferred abbreviation is ECG).
Electrocardiogram A graphic recording, produced by an electrocardiograph, ofthe electrical activity of the heart. Commonly referred to as an ECG (or EKG),it allows the detection of abnormalities in the transmission of the cardiacimpulse through the heart muscle and serves as an important aid in thediagnosis of heart ailments.
Electroencephalogram (EEG) A graphic recording, produced by anelectroencephalograph, of the electrical activity of the brain.Electroencephalograms are helpful in detecting and locating brain tumors and indiagnosing epilepsy.
Electrolysis (1) An electrical action that causes a chemical (for example, asalt) to break down into simpler forms; (2) the passing of an electric currentinto a hair root to remove superfluous or unwanted hair.
Electrolyte A chemical (element or compound) in the body that when dissolvedproduces ions, conducts an electric current, and is itself changed in theprocess. The proper amount and equilibrium of certain electrolytes (forexample, calcium, sodium, potassium) in the body is essential for normal healthand functioning.
Electrolyte balance Equilibrium between electrolytes in the body that isessential for normal functioning, with a deficiency or excess of a particularelectrolyte usually producing characteristic symptoms. The normal electrolytebalance may be disturbed by many abnormal conditions, including prolongeddiarrhea or vomiting, kidney malfunction, malnutrition, or disturbed activityof the adrenal cortex, pancreas, pituitary, or other gland.
Embolism Blockage of a blood vessel, especially an artery, by an embolus.Treatment depends on the nature of the embolus, the degree of obstruction andthe blood vessel affected.
Emphysema Abnormal condition of the lungs in which there is overinflation ofthe air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs leading to a breakdown of their walls, adecrease in respiratory function, and in severe cases, increasingbreathlessness. Emphysema appears to be associated with chronic bronchitis,cigarette smoking, and advancing age; one form that occurs early in life isrelated to a hereditary lack of an enzyme. Early symptoms of emphysema includedyspnea, cough, rapid heart rate; advanced cases are marked by signs of oxygenlack (restlessness, weakness, confusion) and frequently by complications ofpulmonary edema and congestive heart failure. Breathing exercises, drugs suchas bronchodilators and the prevention of respiratory infections may be helpful;severe cases may require oxygen.
Endocarditis Inflammation of the membrane (endocardium) lining the inside ofthe heart and the heart valves, caused by bacterial infection or occurring as acomplication of another disease (for example, rheumatic fever). Symptomsinclude fever, and changes in heart rhythms; damage to heart valves may occur.Treatment consists of bedrest, antibiotics, and surgery, if necessary, to treatdamaged valves.
Endometriosis A condition marked by the presence, growth, and function ofendometrial tissue outside of its normal location, the lining of the uterus, insuch sites as the uterine walls, the Fallopian tubes, the ovaries, and othersites within the pelvis or, rarely, outside it. Endometriosis is fairly common(estimated 15% of women), especially in childless women and women who havechildren late in life. Symptoms depend on the size and location of thedisplaced tissue but commonly include painful menstruation, painful coitus, andsometimes painful urination and defecation and premenstrual staining.Endometriosis is a common cause of infertility. Treatment includes analgesicsto relieve pain, hormones to decrease the size and number of lesions, and, insevere cases, surgery.
Endometrium The mucous membrane lining of the uterus, which, under hormonalcontrol, changes in thickness and complexity during the menstrual cycle and ifpregnancy does not occur is mostly shed during menstruation.
Endorphin Any of several naturally occurring chemicals (proteins) in the brainbelieved to be involved in reducing or eliminating pain and in enhancingpleasure. Studies show that acupuncture may induce activation of endorphins.Compare Enkephalin.
Endoscopy Viewing the inside of a body cavity by means of a special instrument(endoscope), inserted usually through a natural body opening (for example, themouth, vagina, urethra) but sometimes through an incision.
Enkephalin Any of a group of brain chemicals (proteins) that influence mentalactivity and behavior (sometimes grouped with the endorphins as "naturalopiates"). Evidence shows that these chemicals influence the body's immunesystem and help fight disease. Compare Endorphin.
Epicardium The innermost of the two layers of the pericardium, the membranouscovering of the heart.
Epidermis The superficial, outer layers of the skin that contain numerousnerve endings but no blood vessels. Made up of squamous epithelium tissue, theepidermis is divided into an outer stratum corneum containing dead cells thatare sloughed off as new cells from the inner stratum germinativum push upward;other layers are also sometimes found, especially in thick skin (for example,the palms and soles).
Epilepsy A neurological disorder characterized by recurrent episodes (rangingfrom several times a day to once in several years) of convulsive seizures,impaired consciousness, abnormal behavior, and other disturbances produced byuncontrolled electrical discharges from nerve cells in the brain. Trauma to thehead, brain tumor, chemical imbalances, and other factors may be associatedwith epilepsy, but in most cases the cause is unknown. Treatment depends on theseverity and frequency of episodes. Common types of epilepsy are grand malepilepsy and petit mal epilepsy.
Epinephrine (1) A hormone of the adrenal medulla that acts as a powerfulstimulant in times of fear or arousal and has many physiological effects,including increasing breathing, heart, and metabolic rates to provide quickenergy, constricting blood vessels, and strengthening muscle contraction; (2) asynthetic drug used in the treatment of bronchial asthma to reduce bronchialspasm and dilate air passageways and during surgery to reduce blood loss byconstricting blood vessels. Also called adrenaline.
Episiotomy An incision made to enlarge the opening of the vagina during adifficult birth. The purpose is to make the delivery easier or to hasten it,and to avoid stretching and tearing adjacent muscle and tissue.
Epstein-Barr virus The virus that causes infectious mononucleosis; in parts ofAfrica it is associated also with a type of lymphoma.
Erection A state of rigidity, especially of the penis, which becomes enlargedand elevated when its tissues fill with blood, usually as a result of sexualarousal but also occurring normally during sleep and as a result of physicalstimulation. Erection of the penis enables the organ to enter the vagina duringcoitus.
Erythrocyte A mature red blood cell, which contains the pigment hemoglobin,the main function of which is to transport oxygen to the tissues of the body. Ared blood cell is a biconcave disc with no nucleus. It is the main cellularelement in the blood; in one cubic milliliter of blood there are usually4,500,000-5,000,000 erythrocytes in males, 4,000,000-4,500,000 in females.
Estrogen A general term for the female hormones (including estradiol, estrone,estriol) produced in the ovaries (and in small amounts in the testes andadrenals). In women estrogen functions in the menstrual cycle and in thedevelopment of secondary sex characteristics (for example, breast developmentin adolescence). As a synthetic preparation, sold under many trade names,estrogen drugs are used to treat menstrual irregularities, to relieve symptomsof menopause, to treat cancer of the prostate, and in oral contraceptives.Long-term use of estrogen has been associated with some blood-clottingdisorders and some forms of cancer and is controversial.
Eustachian tube The mucous membrane-lined tube that connects the nasopharynxand the middle ear, it allows pressure in the inner ear to be equalized withthat of the atmosphere. Increased pressure in the tube, occurring, for example,in a plane that is ascending, can usually be relieved by swallowing. Alsocalled auditory tube.
Euthanasia Deliberately causing the death of a person who is suffering from anincurable disease, either actively by the use of artificial means (for example,drugs) or passively by withholding treatment necessary for the prolongation oflife.
Fallopian tube Either of two tubes or ducts, each of which extends from theuterus to the region of an ovary. The tube serves as passage for the movementof an ovum from the ovary (after ovulation) to the uterus and for the movementof sperm from the uterus upward toward the ovary. Fertilization normally occursin the Fallopian tube. Also called oviduct.
Feces The material discharged from the bowel in defecation. Formed in thecolon, feces consist of water, undigested food residue, bacteria, and mucus.Also called stool.
Fetus The live offspring while it is inside the mother (in utero), in humans,from the beginning of the third month of pregnancy until birth.
Fever A rise in the temperature of the body. Normal body temperature is 98.6degrees Fahrenheit (37.0 degrees Celsius) taken orally, somewhat higherrectally. A rise in temperature can sometimes be caused by severe stress,strenuous exercise, or dehydration, but fever is most often a sign of infection(bacterial, viral, or other) or other disease. Fever is often accompanied byheadache, chills, and feeling of malaise; high fevers can cause delirium andconvulsions (especially in young children). The onset, course, and duration ofa fever vary with the cause; certain diseases are associated withcharacteristic rising and falling curves that may aid in diagnosis. CompareTemperature.
Fever blister A cold sore caused by a herpes virus. See Herpes simplex.
Fiber (1) A long, threadlike structure (for example, a nerve fiber); (2) foodcontent (cellulose) that adds roughage to the diet.
Fiberoptics The technique in which thin, flexible, glass or plastic fibers inspecial instruments called fiberscopes are used to view inner parts of thebody; the fibers transmit light and relay a magnified image of the body part.
Fiberscope A flexible instrument containing light-carrying glass or plasticfibers used to view internal body structures. Fiberscopes are especiallydesigned for examination of particular body parts. For example, thebronchoscope is designed for viewing the tracheal and bronchial region; thegastroscope is designed for viewing the interior of the stomach; theduodenoscope is designed for viewing the duodenum.
Fibrocystic disease of the breast A common condition among women,characterized by the presence of one or more cysts in the breast. The cysts arebenign but should be watched carefully for any changes in size or consistency;women with fibrocystic breast disease have a higher-than-average likelihood ofdeveloping breast cancer later in life. In many cases no treatment isnecessary; in other cases aspiration of the cyst, with or without biopsy, isperformed. Some investigators believe that consumption of caffeine (forexample, in coffee, soft drinks) in large amounts is associated withfibrocystic breast disease.
Fibroid tumor A benign tumor (fibroma) containing fibrous tissue, especiallythat of the uterus. Fibroid tumors of the uterus are common and in many casesdo not require treatment; if, however, they cause discomfort or hemorrhage,surgical removal is necessary.
Fibroma A nonmalignant tumor of connective tissue.
Flatulence An abnormal amount of abdominal gas, causing distension of thestomach or intestine and sometimes discomfort.
Fluoroscopy A technique in which a special device (fluoroscope) allows theimmediate projection of X-ray images of the body onto a special fluorescentscreen. It eliminates the need for taking and developing X-ray photographs.
Food allergy A hypersensitivity reaction to a substance -- an antigen, mostoften a protein -- ingested in food. Symptoms may include rhinitis, diarrhea,nausea, vomiting, itchy skin eruptions, bronchial asthma, colitis, and othersigns. Foods commonly associated with allergic reactions in sensitized peopleinclude eggs, wheat, milk, fish and other seafoods, citrus fruits and tomatoes,and chocolate.
Food poisoning Acute illness caused by eating food containing toxic substances(for example, insecticide) or organisms (bacteria and fungi, especially certainmushrooms) and the toxins produced by them. The bacteria most commonlyresponsible for food poisoning are Clostridium botulinum, Salmonella, andStaphylococcus; the mushrooms are Amanita species. Symptoms vary with the typeof poison and may range from mild abdominal discomfort, nausea, and diarrhea tosevere symptoms including paralysis, coma, and death. See also Botulism;Gastroenteritis.
Frostbite Tissue change, especially of the fingers, toes, ears, or nose,caused by freezing, generally because of prolonged exposure to very coldweather. The affected parts turn white and become numb. Gentle warming in tepidwater, without rubbing, is the appropriate first aid measure. Severe freezingresults in the death of the tissues, necessitating amputation of the affectedpart.
Gallbladder A pear-shaped organ, about 8 centimeters (3 inches) long andlocated on the lower surface of the liver, that is a reservoir for bile. Bileproduced in the liver passes (through the hepatic duct) to the gallbladder,where it is stored; the presence of food, especially fats, in the duodenum andhormonal influences cause the gallbladder to contract, releasing the bile tothe common bile duct for transport to the duodenum. The gallbladder is a commonsite of stone formation (cholelithiasis) and inflammation (cholecystitis).
Gallstone A stonelike mass (calculus) in the gallbladder or in its duct.
Gamma globulin See Immune gamma globulin.
Gangrene Tissue death resulting from lack of nutrition when the blood supplyto the affected part is decreased or lost because of disease (for example,diabetes), injury, blood clot, tourniquet, frostbite, severe burn, or bacterialinfection. The arms and legs are most commonly affected.
Gastritis Inflammation of the lining of the stomach characterized by loss ofappetite, nausea, vomiting, and discomfort after eating. Acute gastritis iscaused by the ingestion of an irritating substance (for example, aspirin, toomuch alcohol) or by bacterial or viral infection; chronic gastritis is often asymptom of gastric (peptic) ulcer, stomach cancer, pernicious (chronic) anemia,or other disorder.
Gastroenteritis Inflammation of the stomach and intestines. Symptoms includeabdominal discomfort, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, and sometimesdiarrhea. Causes include bacterial or viral infection, the ingestion of toxicor irritating substances, allergic reactions to specific foods (for example,milk intolerance), and other disorders.
Gastroscopy Visual examination of the stomach (especially the upper part ofthe stomach) by means of a flexible, fiberoptic instrument (gastroscope)inserted through the esophagus; photographs may be taken and specimens removedfor analysis.
General anesthesia An agent, usually given by inhalation or intravenousinjection, that produces unconsciousness and complete loss of sensationthroughout the body; it is used for major surgery (for example, removal of alung or of the stomach). Compare Local anesthesia.
Genetic counseling The process of determining the risk of a particular geneticdisorder occurring within a family and providing information and advice basedon that determination; used to help couples in family planning and in the careof children affected or thought to be affected with a particular geneticdisorder. An accurate diagnosis is essential and may require specialbiochemical and cell studies; a careful and complete family medical history isalso needed. The subjects of prenatal diagnosis (See Amniocentesis), artificialinsemination, sterilization, and termination of a pregnancy may be included inthe counseling, depending on the particular disease and circumstances involved.
Genetic engineering The process of altering and controlling the genetic makeupof an organism through manipulation and recombination of the genetic material,DNA.
Genetic screening The process of analyzing a specific group of people todetect the presence of or susceptibility to a particular disease or diseases.Examples include the screening of all infants for phenylketonuria and thescreening of certain racial or ethnic groups who have a high incidence of aparticular disease, such as sickle-cell anemia among blacks and Tay-Sachsdisease among Ashkenazic and Sephardic Jews. See also Genetic counseling.
Genital herpes See Herpes genitalis.
Genitalia The male or female reproductive organs, especially the externalones. Also called genitals.
Gentian violet An agent with antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelminticproperties used to treat pinworms and infections of the skin and vagina.
Geriatrics A medical specialty that deals with the problems of aging and thediagnosis and treatment of diseases affecting the aged.
Germ (1) A microorganism, especially one that causes disease; (2) a unit fromwhich a structure or part originates (for example, germ layer, the layer fromwhich new tissue develops).
German measles See Rubella.
Gestation The period of time in humans and other viviparous animals fromfertilization of the ovum to birth; the length of pregnancy. In humans,gestation averages 266 days, or about 280 days from the first day of the lastmenstrual period. See also Pregnancy.
Gingivitis Condition in which the gums are red, swollen, and bleeding. It mostcommonly results from poor oral hygiene and the development of bacterial plaqueon the teeth, but it is also common in pregnancy and may be a sign of anotherdisorder (for example, diabetes mellitus, vitamin deficiency).
Gland Any of numerous organs in the body (for example, thyroid gland), each ofwhich is made up of specialized cells that secrete or excrete materialsunrelated to their own metabolism but needed by the body. There are two maintypes of glands: endocrine, or ductless, glands, which secrete hormonesdirectly into the bloodstream; and exocrine, or duct, glands, which releasematerials into ducts or onto adjacent epithelial surfaces. Included among theexocrine glands are sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and tear glands.
Glaucoma A disease in which elevated pressure in the eye, due to obstructionof the outflow of aqueous humor, damages the optic nerve and causes visualdefects. Acute (angle-closure) glaucoma is an hereditary disorder with the irisblocking the flow of aqueous humor; symptoms, which may occur suddenly, includedilated pupil, red eye, blurred vision, and severe eye pain, sometimesaccompanied by nausea and vomiting; if untreated -- by special eye drops orsurgery -- angle-closure glaucoma may result in permanent blindness within afew days. The much more common open-angle, or chronic, glaucoma, alsohereditary, is one of the leading causes of blindness in the United States.Caused by blockage of the canal of Schlemm, it produces symptoms very slowlywith gradual loss of peripheral vision over a period of years, sometimes withheadache, dull pain, and blurred vision. Treatment involves the use of specialeye drops. Glaucoma can also occur as a congenital defect or as a result ofanother eye disorder.
Glucose Simple sugar, which is the major energy source in the body. Ingestedin certain foods, especialy fruits, and produced by the breakdown of othercarbohydrates, glucose is absorbed into the blood from the intestines; excessamounts are stored in the form of glycogen, chiefly in the liver. Determinationof glucose levels in the blood is important in the diagnosis of many disorders,including diabetes mellitus. Pharmaceutical preparations of glucose (forexample, dextrose) are widely used in medicine.
Goiter An enlargement of the thyroid gland at the front of the neck; it may becaused by deficiency of iodine in the diet, by tumor, or by overactivity(Graves' disease) or underactivity of the thyroid gland. Treatment depends onthe cause; it often involves surgical removal of all or part of the thyroidgland.
Gonad A gland that produces sex cells (gametes); in males the gonads are thetestes; in females, the ovaries.
Gonadotropins Hormones that stimulate the function of the gonads.
Gonorrhea A common sexually transmitted disease caused by the bacteriaNeisseria gonorrhoeae and transmitted through contact with an infected personor with secretions containing the bacteria. Symptoms include painful urinationand burning, itching, and pain around the urethra and in women the vagina,accompanied by a greenish yellow, pus-containing discharge. If untreated, theinfection spreads, especially in women, infecting the reproductive organs,causing inflammation of the liver, and, if widespread, leading to septicemiaand polyarthritis, with painful lesions in joints and tendons and infection ofthe conjunctiva of the eye that can lead to blindness. Treatment is byantibiotics.
Gout A disease in which a defect in uric acid metabolism causes the acid andits salts to accumulate in the blood and joints, causing pain and swelling ofthe joints (especially the big toe area), accompanied by fever and chills. Thedisease is more common among men than women and usually has a genetic basis. Ifuntreated, the disease causes destructive tissue changes in the joints andkidneys. Treatment includes a purine-free diet and use of drugs to reduceinflammation and to increase the excretion of uric acid salts or decrease theirformation. Also called gouty arthritis.
Graft A tissue or organ that is taken from one site and transplanted toanother site on the same person (autograft), as in transplanting thigh skin tothe arm to replace badly burned skin, or that is taken from one person andinserted in another, as in a kidney transplant. See also Transplant.
Grand mal (1) An attack, suffered in epilepsy, during which the patientbecomes unconscious, develops bluish discoloration (cyanosis) of the skin andlips due to oxygen lack, and experiences convulsions; (2) a type of epilepsycharacterized by recurrent grand mal attacks. Compare Petit mal.
Graves' disease Protrusion of the eyeballs (exophthalmos) combined withenlargement of the thyroid gland (goiter). Symptoms may include nervousness andweight loss, rapid pulse rate (tachycardia), increased rate of metabolism, andanemia. See Goiter; Hyperthyroidism.
Gynecology The medical specialty concerned with the health care of women,including function and diseases of the reproductive organs. It combines bothmedical and surgical concerns and is usually practiced in combination withobstetrics.
Hallucination The perception of something that is not actually present; it maybe visual (seeing objects that are not present), auditory (hearing noises thatare not present), olfactory (smelling things that are not present), gustatory(tasting things that are not present), or tactile (feeling touch sensationsthat are not present). Hallucinations are a common symptom of severe mentalillness (for example, schizophrenia); they also occur after injury to the head,in delirium accompanying severe illness, in delirium tremens, and from the useof hallucinogens.
Hallucinogen A substance -- for example, LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide),mescaline, phencyclidine, angel dust -- that excites the central nervoussystem, producing hallucinations (false perceptions); mood changes; increasesin pulse, blood pressure, and body temperature; dilation of the pupils of theeyes; and other physiological and psychological changes.
Hamstring muscle Any of three powerful muscles at the back of the thigh.
Hardening of the arteries See Arteriosclerosis.
Hashish A drug prepared from the Indian hemp plant, Cannabis sativa, thatproduces euphoria, distorted perceptions, and sometimes hallucinations.
Hay fever A type of allergy, with symptoms of sneezing, runny nose, and wateryeyes, that occurs seasonally on exposure to pollen. Antihistamines arefrequently used to alleviate the symptoms; if the specific allergen can beidentified, desensitization may be possible.
Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) A system of health care whereby memberspay a specified fee entitling them to comprehensive care, often including bothin-hospital and out-patient services. Most HMOs limit the choice of physiciansand hospitals to either their own institutions and employees or those that havespecifically contracted to provide care to member patients.
Hearing The sense of receiving and interpreting sounds. Sound waves enter theouter ear, cause vibrations of the eardrum and bones of the middle ear, and aretransmitted to the inner ear from which they are transmitted along the auditorynerve to the brain for interpretation.
Hearing impairment A decrease or limitation in sensitivity to sound.
Heart The muscular, roughly cone-shaped organ that pumps blood throughout thebody. Lying behind the sternum between the lungs, it is about the size of aclosed fist, about 12 centimeters (5 inches) long, 8 centimeters (3 inches)wide at its broadest upper part, and about 6 centimeters (2 1/4 inches) thickand weighs about 275 to 345 grams (10-12 ounces) in males, 225 to 275 grams(8-10 ounces) in females. Under outer epicardium membranes, the heart wall --myocardium -- consists of cardiac muscle; the innermost layer -- theendocardium -- is continuous with lining of the blood vessels. The heart isdivided into left and right sides by a septum; each side has an upper atrium(auricle) and lower ventricle. Through coordinated nerve impulses and muscularcontractions, initiated in the sinoatrial node of the right atrium, the heartpumps blood throughout the body. Deoxygenated blood, carried to the heart bythe vena cava, flows into the right atrium and passes into the right ventricle,from which it flows through pulmonary arteries to the lungs, where it gives upits wastes and becomes freshly oxygenated. The oxygenated blood then passesthrough the pulmonary veins into the left atrium and from there into the leftventricle. From the left ventricle it is pumped throughout the body. The heartnormally beats about 70 times per minute. It is nourished by coronary bloodvessels.
Heart attack Popular term for a disruption of the normal function of theheart. See Myocardial infarction.
Heartburn A painful, burning sensation in the chest, below the sternum,resulting from irritation in the esophagus most often due to backflow of acidicstomach contents into the esophagus. It is often a symptom of hiatal hernia,peptic ulcer, or other disorder. Also called pyrosis.
Heart failure Inability of the heart to pump enough blood to maintain normalbody requirements. It may be caused by congenital defects or by any condition(for example, atherosclerosis of coronary arteries, aortic stenosis, myocardialinfarction) that damages or overloads the heart muscle. Symptoms include edema,shortness of breath, and feelings of faintness. Treatment depends on thespecific cause of the heart malfunction and on the age and general condition ofthe patient.
Heart murmur An abnormal heart sound. Some heart murmurs are benign and of nosignificance; others are signs of abnormal heart function.
Heart rate The number of heart contractions (beats) per minute. Normal adultheart rate is about 70-72 beats per minute; an abnormally rapid heart rate(over 100 beats per minute in an adult) is tachycardia; an abnormally slow rate(below 60 beats per minute in an adult) is bradycardia. Children normally havea heart rate faster than an adult. See also Pulse.
Heart valve Any of four structures (two semilunar valves, the mitral valve,and the tricuspid valve) within the heart that by closing and opening controlblood flow in the heart and permit flow in only one direction.
Heat exhaustion Condition characterized by dizziness, nausea, weakness, musclecramps, and pale, cool skin caused by overexposure to intense heat anddepletion of body fluids and electrolytes. It is most common in infants and theelderly. Recovery usually occurs with rest, replacement of water andelectrolytes, and removal from the intense heat. Also called heat prostration.Compare Heatstroke.
Heatstroke A severe, sometimes fatal, condition caused by prolonged exposureto intense heat and failure of the body's temperature-regulating capacity.Symptoms include high body temperature; rapid heartbeat; red, hot, dry skin;confusion; and possibly convulsions and loss of consciousness. Treatmentincludes cooling of the body, fluid and electrolyte replacement, and sedation.Also called sunstroke. Compare Heat exhaustion.
Heimlich maneuver An emergency procedure to help a person who is chokingbecause food or other material is lodged in the trachea. The rescuer shouldhold the choking person from behind and place one fist, thumb side in, againstthe victim's abdomen, in the midline immediately above the navel. The otherhand should be placed over the fist. Quick upward thrusts are then administeredto force the obstruction out of the trachea. A maximum of five thrusts shouldbe tried, but each individual thrust should be delivered with sufficient forceas to attempt to clear the airway by itself. Vomiting or internal organ damagecan result from this maneuver, though the risks are lessened if the rescuer hasbeen properly trained by the American Red Cross or by the American HeartAssociation in cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
Hematoma A localized collection of blood, usually clotted, in an organ, space,or tissue due to escape of blood from a blood vessel, often the result oftrauma; when the hematoma occurs near the skin surface, it causes discoloration(for example, a black eye).
Hemoglobin The complex compound, containing the non-protein, iron-containingpigment heme and the protein globin, found in red blood cells (erythrocytes)that transports oxygen to cells throughout the body and carries carbon dioxideaway from body cells. In the high oxygen concentration of the lungs, hemoglobinbinds with oxygen to form oxyhemoglobin. In the tissues of the body, the oxygenis given off and the hemoglobin combines with carbon dioxide to formcarboxyhemoglobin, which is carried back to the lungs. There the carbon dioxideis given off and more oxygen picked up for transport to the body cells. Normalhemoglobin concentration in blood is 13.5 to 18 grams per deciliter for males,12 to 16 for females.
Hemolysis Breakdown of red blood cells and the release of hemoglobin. Itoccurs normally at the end of the life span of a red blood cell; abnormally incertain allergic reactions, on exposure to certain bacteria and venoms, inhemodialysis, and in certain other conditions.
Hemophilia An inherited disorder characterized by excessive bleeding andoccurring only in males. Several forms of the disease -- including hemophilia Aand hemophilia B (also called Christmas disease) -- occur; in all forms one ofthe factors necessary for normal blood coagulation is missing or present inabnormally low amounts. Greater than usual blood loss in dental extractions andsimple injuries and bleeding into joint areas commonly occur; severe internalhemorrhage is less common. Treatment involves administration of missing bloodcoagulation factors in some cases and transfusions to replace lost blood.
Hemorrhage The loss of a large amount of blood during a short time, eitherexternally or internally. The bleeding may be from an artery (the blood flowsin spurts and is bright red), from a vein (the blood flows slowly and is dark),or from a tiny vessel or capillary (the blood oozes). External bleeding may becontrolled by pressure, elevation, and ice on the wound; a tourniquet is a lastresort. Internal bleeding requires prompt medical attention. Loss of largeamounts of blood can lead to shock and death.
Hemorrhoid Swelling of a vein or veins (varicosity) in the lower rectum oranus, either internal, above the anal sphincter, or external, outside the analsphincter. Often associated with constipation, straining to defecate,pregnancy, or prolonged sitting, hemorrhoids are often painful and sometimesbleed with defecation. Treatment includes topical agents to shrink andanesthetize the hemorrhoids, compresses, and, if severe, ligation or surgicalexcision.
Hepatitis An inflammation of the liver, characterized by jaundice, loss ofappetite, abdominal discomfort, an enlarged and abnormally functioning liver,and dark urine. It may be caused by bacterial or viral infection, infestationwith parasites, alcohol, drugs, toxins, transfusions of incompatible blood, oras a complication of another disease (for example, infectious mononucleosis)and may be mild and brief or prolonged and severe, even life-threatening.
Hereditary Pertaining to transmission from parents to offspring; inherited(for example, an hereditary disorder, a disorder that is passed from parents tooffspring).
Hernia Protrusion of an organ through an abnormal opening in the muscular wallsurrounding the organ area. It may be congenital or acquired as a result ofinjury, muscular weakness, or disease. Common types of hernia include hiatalhernia, inguinal hernia, and umbilical hernia.
Herniated disc Rupture of the fibrocartilage of the disc between vertebrae ofthe spinal column, occurring most often in the lumbar region. With the ruptureddisc there is a lack of cushioning between the vertebrae above and below andresultant pressure on spinal nerves, causing pain. Also called slipped disc;ruptured intervertebral disc.
Heroin A strongly addictive drug made from morphine; it has no medical uses inthe United States but is widely abused.
Herpes Any of a group of viruses that cause painful blister-like eruptions onthe skin. See Herpes genitalis; Herpes simplex; Herpes zoster.
Herpes genitalis An infection, caused by type 2 herpes simplex virus, usuallytransmitted by sexual contact, characterized by recurrent attacks of painfuleruptions on the skin and mucous membranes of the genital area. Symptomsinclude fever, malaise, urinary problems, painful coitus, swelling of lymphglands in the inguinal area, and lesions on the glans or foreskin of the penisin males and lesions on the vagina and cervix, sometimes with a discharge fromthe cervix, in females. Treatment is aimed at relieving symptoms; there is nocure. Also called genital herpes.
Herpes simplex An infection, caused by herpes simplex virus, that usuallyaffects the skin and nervous system, producing small, transient, sometimespainful blisters on the skin and mucous membranes. Herpes simplex 1 (HS1) mostcommonly affects the facial region, especially the area near the mouth andnose. Symptoms include tingling and burning, followed by blisterlike eruptionsthat dry and crust before healing. Treatment involves keeping the area clean toprevent secondary infection and topical use of drying medications. Also calledcold sore. Herpes simplex 2 (HS2) commonly affects the genital region. See alsoHerpes genitalis.
Herpes zoster An infection with herpes zoster virus, usually occurring inadults, and characterized by blisterlike eruptions along the course of aninflamed nerve. Symptoms include pain -- chronic or intermittent, mild orsevere -- along the course of the lesions, sometimes with fever, malaise, andheadache. Treatment is symptomatic and includes cold compresses and calamineapplications on the lesions. Complications, occurring most often in theelderly, include postherpetic neuralgia, which may last for months. Also calledshingles.
Hiatus hernia Protrusion of part of the stomach through the diaphragm. It is acommon disorder and in many cases produces no symptoms. Symptoms, when presentinclude gastroesophageal reflux (heartburn), the flow of acid stomach contentsinto the esophagus. Also called hiatal hernia.
High blood pressure See Hypertension.
Holistic medicine A system of medical care based on the concept that a personis an integrated entity, more than the sum of his/her physiological, mental,psychological, and social parts.
Hormone A complex chemical produced and secreted by endocrine (ductless)glands that travels through the bloodstream and controls or regulates theactivity of another organ or group of cells -- its target organ. ( For example,growth hormone released by the pituitary gland controls the growth of longbones of the body.) Secretion of hormones is regulated by feedback mechanismsand neurotransmitters.
Host (1) An organism in which another, usually parasitic, organism lives; (2)the recipient of a transplanted organ or tissue.
Hotflash A transient feeling of warmth experienced by some women duringmenopause; the frequency and severity of the flashes vary widely.
Hydrogen peroxide A clear liquid compound (H2O2) applied in water solution tocleanse wounds and as a mouthwash.
Hydrophobia (1) Rabies; (2) an irrational fear of water. See Rabies.
Hyperglycemia Higher-than-normal amount of glucose in the blood, most oftenassociated with diabetes mellitus but sometimes occurring in other conditions.Compare Hypoglycemia.
Hypertension A common disorder, often with no symptoms, in which the bloodpressure is persistently above 140/90 mg Hg. Causes of hypertension includeadrenal and kidney disorder, toxemia of pregnancy, and thyroid disorders, butin most cases -- essential hypertension -- the cause is unknown, thoughobesity, hypercholesterolemia, and high sodium levels are predisposing factors.Symptoms, when present, include headache, palpitations, and easy fatiguability.Severe hypertension damages the cardiovascular system and frequently results inheart disorders. Treatment is by diuretics, vasodilators, central nervoussystem depressants and inhibitors, and ganglionic blocking agents (betablockers, for example, propranolol). Adequate rest and a low-sodium, low-fatdiet are also usually advised. Compare Hypotension.
Hyperthyroidism Overactivity of the thyroid gland due to tumor, overgrowth ofthe gland, or Graves' disease.
Hyperventilation A ventilation rate in the lungs that is greater than demandedby body needs, the result of too frequent and/or too deep breathing; oftenassociated with emphysema; asthma; hyperthyroidism; central nervous systemdisorders; increased metabolic needs from fever, infection, or exercise; oracute anxiety or pain. The carbon dioxide level in the blood decreases and theoxygen level increases. Symptoms include faintness, tingling of the fingers andtoes, and, if continued, chest pain and respiratory alkalosis.
Hypnosis A passive, sleeplike state in which perception and memory arealtered, and the person is more responsive to suggestion and has more recallthan usual; used in psychotherapy and in medicine to induce relaxation andrelieve pain. Susceptibility to hypnosis varies widely. See Psychology.
Hypoglycemia A lower-than-normal level of glucose in the blood, usuallyresulting from administration of too much insulin (in diabetes mellitus),excessive insulin secretion from the pancreas, or poor diet. Symptoms includeheadache, weakness, anxiety, personality changes, and, if severe and untreated,coma and death. Treatment is by administration of glucose.
Hypotension Blood pressure that is abnormally low; it may result fromhemorrhage, excessive fluid loss, heart malfunction, Addison's disease, orother disorder. In some people blood pressure drops when they rise from ahorizontal position (orthostatic hypotension). Mild, transient hypotension maycause light-headedness and syncope. Severe hypotension leads to inadequateblood circulation and shock. Compare Hypertension.
Hypothermia (1) A condition in which the body temperature is below 35 degreesCelsius (95 degrees Fahrenheit), most often occurring in the elderly or veryyoung who are exposed to excessive cold; symptoms include pallor, slow, shallowrespiration, and slow, faint heartbeat; (2) deliberate reduction of bodytemperature to slow metabolic rate and lower oxygen demands for therapeuticreasons or certain surgical procedures.
Hypothyroidism Decreased activity of the thyroid gland.
Hysterectomy Surgical removal of the uterus, done to remove tumors or to treathemorrhage, severe pelvic inflammatory disease, or a cancerous or precancerouscondition. In a total hysterectomy, the uterus and cervix are removed; in aradical hysterectomy, the ovaries, oviducts, uterus, cervix, and associatedlymph nodes are removed.
Ibuprofen A nonsteroid, anti-inflammatory drug used in the treatment ofarthritis and available in nonprescription strength for relief of mild tomoderate pain. Adverse effects include gastrointestinal disturbances and skinirritation.
ICU Abbreviation for intensive care unit.
Id In psychoanalysis, the unconscious; the unconscious part of one's psyche,the source of instincts and drives, based largely on the tendency to avoid painand to pursue pleasure.
Immune gamma globulin Immunizing agent made from pooled human plasma, used forimmunization against certain infectious diseases (for example, measles,poliomyelitis) and to treat immuno-deficiencies (for example,hypogammaglobulinemia). Adverse reactions include pain and inflammation at theinjection site. Also called immune globulin.
Immune system The complex interactions that protect the body from pathogenicorganisms and other foreign invaders (for example, transplanted tissue),including the humoral response, chiefly involving B cells and the production ofantibodies, and the cell-mediated response, chiefly involving T cells and theactivation of specific leukocytes. The organs involved include the bone marrow,the thymus, and lymphoid tissue.
Immunization The process by which resistance to an infectious disease isinduced or increased.
Immunodeficiency An abnormal condition in which some part of the body's immunesystem is inadequate, and consequently resistance to infectious disease isdecreased. Immunodeficiency may be congenital or acquired. See Acquired ImmuneDeficiency Syndrome (AIDS).
Immunoglobulin Any of five classes of structurally distinct antibodies,produced in lymph tissue in response to the invasion of a foreign substance.The five major kinds are immunoglobulin A, D, E, G, and M. Also called immuneserum globulin. See also Antibody; Antigen.
Impetigo A bacterial (usually streptococcal and/or staphylococcal) infectionof the skin, common in children and very contagious, in which localized skinredness develops into fluid-containing small blisters that gradually crust anderode. Treatment is by topical and sometimes oral antibiotics, careful washing,and steps to prevent the spread of the infection.
Implant To attach a part of tissue to a host (for example, to insert a tooth);the part of tissue inserted into a host for repair of a damaged part (forexample, a blood vessel graft) or for therapeutic reasons (for example,pacemaker inserted in the chest).
Impotence (1) Weakness; (2) the inability of the male to achieve erection ofthe penis or, less commonly, to ejaculate. Impotence may be organic, due todisease (for example, diabetes mellitus) or ingestion of certain drugs; orpsychogenic. Compare Sterility.
Incontinence The inability to control urination and/or defecation.
Incubation period The time between exposure to a disease-causing organism andthe appearance of the symptoms of the disease (for example, the 2-to 3-weekinterval between exposure to the chickenpox organism and the appearance ofsymptoms).
Incubator (1) A special transparent device that provides a controlledenvironment (for example, a particular temperature) for a premature orlow-birth-weight infant; (2) a laboratory device for the cultivation of eggs ormicroorganisms.
Indigestion See Dyspepsia.
Induction of labor In obstetrics, the artificial starting of the childbirthprocess by puncturing the amniotic sac surrounding the fetus or byadministration of drugs (oxytocin) to stimulate contractions of the muscles ofthe uterus. Labor may be induced to speed childbirth in cases of maternal orfetal distress or electively (for example, to avert the possibility of a womandelivering outside of a hospital).
Infection (1) The invasion of disease-producing microorganisms into a bodywhere they may multiply, causing a disease; (2) a disease caused bydisease-producing microorganisms (for example, certain bacteria).
Infectious hepatitis See Viral hepatitis.
Infectious mononucleosis An acute infection, caused by the Epstein-Barr virusand most common among young people; it is not highly contagious. Symptomsinclude fever, swollen lymph glands, sore throat, enlarged spleen and liver,abnormal liver function, fatigue, and malaise. Treatment is symptomatic,including bed rest to prevent spleen rupture or other spleen or livercomplications. One attack usually confers immunity. Also called glandularfever; kissing disease; mono.
Infertility The condition of being unable to bear young -- in a woman, aninability to conceive; in a male, an inability to impregnate. Femaleinfertility may be due to a defective ovum, an ovulation disorder, a blockageof the Fallopian tubes, a uterine disorder, or a hormonal imbalance; in a male,infertility may be due to a lower-than-normal number of sperm produced or tosperm with abnormal shape or motility. Many cases of infertility can becorrected through surgery, drugs, or other medical procedures.
Inflammation Response of the tissues of the body to irritation or injury,characterized by pain, swelling, redness, and heat. The severity, specificcharacteristics, and duration of the inflammation depends on the cause, theparticular area of the body affected, and the health of the person.
Influenza An acute, contagious, virus-caused infection of the respiratorytract; symptoms usually begin suddenly and include fever, sore throat, cough,muscle aches, headache, fatigue, and malaise, and often signs of the commoncold (watery eyes, runny nose). Treatment is symptomatic and includes rest,pain relievers and fever reducers, and increased fluid intake. The diseaseusually subsides within a week; complications (for example, bacterialpneumonia) usually affect only the very young, the old, or those weakened byanother condition. Several strains of the virus have been identified and newstrains emerge at intervals, often named for the geographic region in whichthey are first discovered (for example, Asian flu). Also called flu; grippe.
Informed consent Permission obtained from a patient (or in the case of a childor an adult incapable of making decisions, another authorized person) for theperformance of a particular procedure or test, after being told (andunderstanding) fully the risks, options, and expected results. Informedconsent, usually in a signed statement, is generally required before anyinvasive procedure (for example, surgery or diagnostic procedures in whichinstruments are inserted into the body), before admission to any experimentalor research study, and in certain other situations.
Injection The act of inserting a liquid into the body forcefully by means of asyringe; the fluid may be injected into a vein (intravenous), muscle(intramuscular), under the skin (subcutaneous), or into the skin (intradermal).
Insemination The introduction of semen into the vagina either during coitus orthrough other techniques. See Artificial insemination.
Insomnia A condition characterized by difficulty falling asleep or stayingasleep or by seriously disturbed sleep (for example, frequent shortawakenings). It may result from a variety of psychological and physical causes;treatment depends on the cause and condition of the person.
Insulin (1) A hormone secreted by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhansof the pancreas; it regulates the metabolism of glucose and, secondarily,intermediary processes in the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats. Inadequateinsulin levels lead to too-high glucose levels and other disturbances ofmetabolism, often associated with diabetes mellitus; (2) a drug made from thenatural hormones used to treat diabetes mellitus.
Insulin shock An abnormal physiological state in which the blood glucose levelis too low; it may be caused by an overdose of insulin, decreased food intake,or excess exercise. Symptoms include sweating, trembling, nervousness,irritability, and pallor; if not corrected, it can lead to convulsions anddeath. Treatment requires the administration of glucose. See also Hypoglycemia.Compare Diabetic coma.
Intensive Care Unit (ICU) A hospital unit in which patients withlife-threatening conditions are provided with constant care and closemonitoring, and often involving the use of sophisticated machines for caringfor and maintaining the patient.
Intercourse See Coitus.
Internal medicine That branch of medicine concerned with the function ofinternal organs and the diagnosis and treatment of disorders affecting theseorgans.
Intestinal flu Inflammation of the stomach and intestine caused by a virus;symptoms include abdominal discomfort, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. See alsoGastroenteritis.
Intestine That part of the alimentary canal extending from the pyloric openingof the stomach to the anus. It is divided into two major parts; the smallintestine (made up of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum), where most digestionand absorption of food occurs; and the large intestine (consisting of thececum; appendix; ascending, transverse, and descending colons; and the rectum),where water is absorbed from material passing from the small intestine. Wavesof muscular contractions -- peristalsis -- propel material through theintestine.
Intrauterine device (IUD) A contraceptive device, made up of a bent plastic ormetal (a coil, loop, or other shape) inserted through the vagina into theuterus where it functions to prevent pregnancy. Complications of IUD useinclude infection, undetected expulsion, perforation of the uterus, bleeding,and pain. See also Contraception.
Intravenous Into or within a vein.
Intravenous feeding (IV) The administration of nutrients through a vein.
In vitro Pertaining to an artificial condition, as within a test tube or otherlaboratory apparatus.
Iodine A nonmetallic element that is an essential nutrient (in small amounts)and is used in antiseptics, in radioisotope scanning procedures, and in certaintreatments of thyroid cancer.
Ipecac A drug used to induce vomiting in some types of poisoning and drugoverdose. Adverse effects include gastrointestinal irritation, or, if vomitingdoes not occur and the ipecac is retained, cardiac abnormalities.
Iron A metallic element essential for hemoglobin synthesis in the body andused in various drugs.
Iron-deficiency anemia A type of anemia caused by lack of adequate iron tosynthesize hemoglobin. Symptoms include fatigue and weakness.
Irrigation Washing out of a body part by water or other fluid.
IUD Abbreviation for intrauterine device.
IV Abbreviation for intravenous, especially intravenous feeding.
Jaundice A yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes caused by anaccumulation of the bile pigment bilirubin in the blood. Jaundice is a symptomof many disorders, most commonly obstruction of the ducts (biliary tract) thatcarry bile to the intestine, as by a gallstone; disease of the liver, due toinfection, alcoholism, poisons, or other factors; and anemia in which there isexcessive destruction of red blood cells. Also called icterus.
Jet lag Condition marked by fatigue, sleep disturbances, and sluggish bodyfunctions, caused by disruption of the body's normal circadian (daily) rhythmas a result of traveling through several time zones.
Joint The point where two or more bones meet. A joint may be immovable(fibrous), as those of the skull; slightly movable (cartilaginous), as thoseconnecting the vertebrae; or freely movable (synovial), as those of the elbowand knee. Also called articulation.
Jugular veins Any of several veins in the neck that drain blood from the headand empty into larger veins leading to the heart.
Kaposi's sarcoma A malignant neoplasm that starts as soft purplish or brownishspots on the feet and then spreads from the skin to the lymph nodes andinternal organs. Until the early 1980s it occurred almost exclusively amongolder Jewish, Italian, and black men, but after that time it increased inincidence and is now one of the common manifestations of acquired immunedeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
Ketone Any of a group of organic chemicals derived by oxidation of alcohol andcontaining a carbon-oxygen group. Among the ketones are acetone and acetoaceticacid.
Kidney Either of two bean-shaped excretory organs that filter wastes(especially urea) from the blood and excrete them and water in urine and helpto regulate the water, electrolyte, and pH balance of the body. The kidneys arelocated in the dorsal part of the abdominal cavity, one on each side of thevertebral column. Each kidney, about 11 centimeters (4.5 inches) long, 6centimeters (2.5 inches) wide, and 2.5 centimeters (1 inch) thick consists ofan outer cortex and inner medulla and contains one million or more filteringunits, called nephrons. Blood passes through tufts of capillaries (glomeruli)in the nephrons, where it is filtered; the filtrate then passes throughtubules, where some substances (for example, sugar, some salts) are selectivelyreabsorbed, into collecting ducts. The final product -- known as urine --passes out of the kidney through tubes known as ureters and is carried to thebladder. The function of the kidney is controlled by hormones, especially theantidiuretic hormone (ADH) produced by the pituitary gland. The kidney issubject to inflammation, infection, the formation of stones (urinary calculi),and other disorders.
Kidney failure See Renal failure.
Kidney stone See Urinary calculus.
Kyphosis An abnormality of the vertebral column in which there is increasedconvex curvature in the upper spine, giving a hunchback or humped backappearance. Mild cases are often self-limiting and asymptomatic; severe orprogressive cases may cause back pain and are sometimes treated with specialback braces. Compare Lordosis; Scoliosis.
Labor The process by which a baby is born and the placenta is expelled fromthe uterus. Labor has three stages; the first, or stage of dilation,characterized by contractions of the uterine wall and dilatation of the openingof the cervix; the second, or stage of expulsion, during which the baby isborn; and the third, or afterbirth stage, in which the placenta is expelled.The average duration of labor is about 13 hours in first pregnancies (12 hoursin first state, 1 hour in second, few minutes in third); about eight hours insubsequent pregnancies.
Laceration A wound with a jagged edge, resulting from a tearing or scrapingaction.
Lactation (1) The synthesis and secretion of milk by the mammary glands of thebreast; (2) the time during which an infant or child is nourished with breastmilk.
Lactic acid (1) A chemical formed by the process of glycolysis; duringstrenuous exercise it may accumulate in muscle cells; (2) the acid formed bythe action of certain bacteria on milk and milk products.
Lactose intolerance A disorder, due to a defect or deficiency of the enzymelactase, resulting in an inability to digest lactose and symptoms of bloating,flatulence, abdominal discomfort, nausea, and diarrhea on ingestion of milk andmilk products.
Lamaze method of childbirth A method of psychophysical preparation forchildbirth, developed by the French obstetrician Fernand Lamaze in the 1950s,that is now the most widely used method of natural childbirth. In classesduring pregnancy and in practice sessions at home, the pregnant woman, usuallywith the help of a coach (called a "monitrice"), learns the physiology ofpregnancy and childbirth, techniques of relaxation, concentration, andbreathing, and exercises certain muscles to promote control during labor andchildbirth.
Large intestine That portion of the digestive tract containing the cecum;appendix; ascending, transverse, and descending colons; and the rectum.
Laryngitis Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the larynx and swelling ofthe vocal cords, characterized by loss or hoarseness of voice, cough, andsometimes difficult breathing. It may be acute, caused by bacterial or viralinfection or irritation (for example, from irritating fumes); or chronic, fromexcessive use of the voice or excessive smoking or long-term exposure toirritants. Treatment depends on the cause, but usually includes rest of thevoice, a moist atmosphere, and the avoidance of irritants. (In young childrenspasm of the larynx and difficulty in breathing may result.)
Larynx The organ that contains the vocal cords and is responsible for soundproduction; it is part of the air passageway connecting the pharynx and thetrachea, and it produces a bump -- the Adam's apple -- in front of the neck.
Laser Acronym for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation; aninstrument that produces a very thin beam of light -- of one wavelength -- withradiation intense enough to be used surgically to destroy tissue or to separateparts.
Laughing gas See Nitrous oxide.
Laxative An agent that promotes bowel evacuation by a mild action, byincreasing the bulk of the stool or softening it, or by lubricating theintestinal tract. Compare Cathartic.
Lead poisoning A toxic condition caused by inhaling or ingesting lead or leadcompounds (for example, in some paints). Acute poisoning causesgastrointestinal disturbances, mental disturbances, and paralysis of theextremities, sometimes followed by convulsions and collapse. Chronic poisoningcauses irritability, anorexia, and anemia, and often progresses to produceacute symptoms.
Learning disability Any of several abnormal conditions of children or adultswho, although having at least average intelligence, have difficulty in learningspecific skills -- for example, reading (dyslexia) or writing (dysgraphia) --or have other problems associated with normal learning procedures. It mayresult from psychological or organic causes or from slow development of motorskills, but in many cases the cause is unknown.
Legionnaire's disease Acute pneumonia caused by the bacterium Legionellapneumophilia; symptoms include muscle pain, fever, cough, chills, and chestpain. Treatment is by the antibiotic erythromycin.
Lens implant An artificial clear plastic lens implanted in the eye, usuallywhen the natural lens has been removed because of a cataract but sometimes totreat other eye abnormalities.
Lesion General term for any visible, local abnormality of tissue, such as aninjury, wound, boil, sore, rash.
Leukemia One of the major types of cancer; a malignant neoplasm ofblood-forming tissues, characterized by abnormalities of the bone marrow,spleen, lymph nodes, and liver and by rapid and uncontrolled proliferation ofabnormal numbers and forms of leukocytes (white blood cells). Leukemia may beacute, rapidly progressing from signs of fatigue and weight loss to extremeweakness, repeated infections, and fever; or it may be chronic, progressingslowly over a period of years. Leukemia is usually classified according to thetype of white blood cell that is proliferating abnormally. Treatment involveschemotherapy, blood transfusions, antibiotics to control infections, andsometimes, bone marrow transplants. Also called cancer of the blood.
Leukocyte A white blood cell. There are five types of leukocytes: threegranulocytes with granules in the cytoplasm -- neutrophils, basophils, andeosiniphils -- and two agranulocytes, lacking granules in the cytoplasm --lymphocytes and monocytes. An important part of the body's defense mechanism,leukocytes phagocytose bacteria and fungi and function in allergic reactionsand the response to cellular injury.
Libido The sexual drive; for psychoanalytic theory, See Psychology.
Ligament A shiny, usually whitish, band of fibrous connective tissue thatbinds joints together and connects bones and cartilage. Compare Tendon.
Ligation Tying with silk thread, wire, or other filament a blood vessel orduct; it is done to prevent bleeding (for example, during surgery) or toprevent passage of material through a duct (for example, to preventfertilization from occurring in the Fallopian tube). See also Tubal ligation.
Liniment A preparation (usually containing an alcohol or oil) applied to theskin to relieve discomfort.
Liver One of the largest and most complex organs of the body, located in theupper right part of the abdominal cavity. The liver weighs about 1 pound (1.6kg) in males, a little less in females; is dark reddish-brown, soft, and solid;is divided into four lobes; and is supplied by two blood systems, the hepaticartery, bringing freshly oxygenated blood to the liver and the hepatic portalvein (part of the portal blood system) carrying nutrients from the stomach andintestines to the liver. The liver has numerous functions; it is a site ofprotein, carbohydrate, and fat metabolism; it helps regulate the level of bloodsugar, converting excess glucose into glycogen and storing it; it secretesbile, which is stored in the gallbladder before its release into the intestinaltract; it synthesizes substances involved in blood clotting (for example,fibrinogen); it produces plasma proteins; it synthesizes vitamin A; itdetoxifies poisonous substances; and it breaks down worn out erythrocytes (redblood cells).
Liver cancer A malignant neoplastic disease of the liver occurring most oftenas a metastasis from another cancer. Primary liver cancer is common in parts ofAfrica and Asia, where it is often associated with aflatoxins, but is rare inthe United States, often associated with cirrhosis of the liver. Symptomsinclude loss of appetite, weakness, bloating, jaundice, and enlarged, tenderliver and mild upper abdominal discomfort. The lesions often metastasizethrough the portal and lymphatic systems. Treatment depends on the nature andextent of the neoplasm; it may involve removal of a primary tumor and/orchemotherapy.
Living will A legal document whereby a person directs health-care providers asto the medical care to be given if he/she becomes terminally ill and isincapable of making decisions. In many states, these documents are legallyenforceable.
Local anesthesia The administration of a local anesthetic agent to induce lossof sensation in a small area of the body. It may be applied topically, as inspraying on the skin before removing a small lesion; or it may be injectedsubcutaneously. Brief dental and surgical operations are the most commonindications for use. Compare General anesthesia.
Lockjaw A common term for tetanus, during the late stages of which the jawmuscles sometimes spasm.
Lordosis (1) The normal curvature of the cervical (neck) and lumbar spine seenfrom the side as an anterior concavity; (2) an increased degree of curvature.
Lower respiratory tract That part of the respiratory tract that includes theleft and right bronchi and the lungs.
Lumpectomy Surgical removal of a tumor without removal of much surroundingtissue or nearby lymph nodes; performed in some cases of breast tumor and othertumors.
Lung Either of a pair of highly elastic, spongy organs in the chest that arethe main organs of respiration, inhaling air from which oxygen is taken andexhaling carbon dioxide. The lungs are composed of lobes, the right with three,the left with two. The lobes are divided into lobules, each of which containsblood vessels, lymphatics, nerves, and ducts connecting the alveoli, or airspaces, where the actual oxygen-carbon dioxide exchange takes place.
Lung cancer One of the most common types of cancer. Predisposing factorsinclude cigarette smoking and exposure to asbestos, vinyl chloride, coalproducts, and other industrial and chemical products. Symptoms include cough,difficulty in breathing, blood-tinged sputum, and repeated infections.Treatment depends on the type, site, and extent of the cancer and may includesurgery, chemotherapy, and radiation.
Lyme disease Acute inflammatory disease, thought to be caused by a tick-bornebacterium, that affects one or more joints (especially the knees and otherlarge joints), causing heat, swelling, and skin redness, often accompanied bychills, fever, and malaise. Cardiac abnormalities and neurologic complicationssometimes occur. Preventive measures include wearing protective clothing(long-sleeved shirt, and pants tucked into boots) in wooded areas andexamination of the body for ticks after possible exposure. Treatment is by painrelievers (for example, aspirin), antibiotics (tetracycline, penicillin), andsometimes corticosteroids.
Lymph A thin fluid that bathes the tissues of the body, circulates throughlymph vessels, is filtered in lymph nodes, and enters the blood system throughthe thoracic duct at the junction of the subclavian vein and jugular vein. Itcontains chyle and leukocytes (mostly lymphocytes), but otherwise is similar toplasma.
Lymphatic system A network of capillaries, vessels, ducts, nodes, and organsthat help maintain the fluid environment of the body and help to protect thebody by producing lymph and conveying it around the body. Lymphatic capillariesunite to form lymph vessels, which have numerous valves to control lymph flowand nodes to filter the lymph. The lymphatic vessels lead to two large vessels;the thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct, both in the neck, from which thelymph drains into the bloodstream. Specialized lymph organs include the spleen,thymus, and tonsils.
Lymph node Any of the many small structures that filter lymph and producelymphocytes. Lymph nodes are concentrated in several areas of the body, such asthe armpit, groin, and neck. Also called lymph gland.
Lymphoma A neoplasm of lymph tissue, usually malignant; one of four majortypes of cancer. Lymphomas differ widely in the types of cells affected and theprognosis; general characteristics include enlarged lymph nodes, weakness,fever, weight loss, and malaise followed by enlargement of the spleen andliver. Types of lymphomas include Burkitt's lymphoma and Hodgkin's disease.Treatment is usually by chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) Hallucinogen; drug that produces illusions,hallucinations, distorted perceptions, feelings of panic, depression, orparanoia, and widespread physical symptoms (for example, increased bodytemperature and blood pressure, dilation of the pupils, muscle weakness).Psychological dependence may occur. The drug is not used therapeutically but isa drug of abuse. Treatment of LSD intoxication involves attempts to calm theperson and the use of tranquilizers and barbiturates. Also called acid.

The Process of Tantra

In the science of Tantra Yoga there is always an emphasis on the three aspects of human existence – physical desire, psychic urge and longing for the Great.Tantra explains in clear language the functions of the body and mind, as well as the methods for their individual development. However, compartmentalized analysis is contrary to the spirit and practice of Tantra. There must be an understanding of how these three components work together, their relationship.The proper use of these triple resources and their collective effort to achieve the goal of unification with the Supreme must be experienced in daily practice. So the process of this dynamic movement should be explained now.The sensory organs bring information from the outside world into the mind. The motor organs act out internal desires. They take the information from the inside and exspress it outside.The eyes, ears, nose, tongue and skin receive stimulation from the physical world which moves along the nerves to the brain and then to the mind. For example, by hearing the bell of the ice cream vendor, seeing the ice cream and smelling the flavors or by seeing and smelling the mango, the senses give information to the mind – the mental aspect of the human being.The mind makes a picture of that information which we call thought. This mind recreates the external experiences as a thought form or picture. As a result of that thought, the motor organs, hands, legs, vocal cord, etc. are moved to action. When we hear the bell of the ice cream vendor, the mind activates the legs to move towards the ice cream to see the flavors, the hand to get the money from the pocket and the vocal cord to ask the vendor. If we see something which we don't like such as a cobra, the mind activates the motor organs for the hand to kill or the feet to run. This experience is stored in the mind like a computer for future enjoyment which we call remembering.There are thousands of interactions between the physical and mental aspects of human beings everyday. According to the sensory experience the mind forms a picture which stimulates desire causing the motor organs to be activated. There is a constant flow of information – sensory recievers, thought picture, desire, action through motor organs.This process of the mind gives us certain positive or negative feelings, ideas or thoughts. It is the mind which experiences pleasure and pain, heaven or hell. After receiving the information from the sensory organs, the mind experiences the pleasure of the positive idea or pain of the negative feeling. The thought of ice cream creates a positive feeling or pleasure. The picture of a cobra in the mind creates a negative reaction or pain.In today's world of tremendous technological development, we are facing many psychic diseases. Stress, anxiety, tension, nervous breakdown, high blood presure and its accompanying physial defects like heart disease, ulcers, kidney failure, constipation, headaches, backaches, muscle pain, indigestion, etc. are reported daily on television, radio and in newspapers, as well as by doctor's and psychiatrist's clinical studies. We simply cannot cope with the huge numbers of mentally and physically sick people. Our efforts are only to make them comfortable with the disease or put them in hospitals or mental institutions.We have not gone to the root of the problem. If mind is the cause of disease, then mind must be the cure. What is the common factor in positivity and negativity? Both are energy. It is energy that expresses itself. A fire hose contains a great amount of energy concentrated in water pressure channeled through the hose to the nozzle. It is because that concentrated water is directed at the fire that the fire is put out. The same fire hose could be directed at the crowd watching the fire or up into the air. Directed at the fire, it does positive work. Aimed at the crowd it harms. Pointed in the air, the energy is wasted.In the same way our mental energy is sometimes directed at the positive thoughts and sometimes pointed at the negative. In whatever direction we point the energy, the positive or negative thought will absorb it. It will feed on our energy and become bigger. So if we aim our energy at compassion, confidence, cooperation and trust, the result will be a greater expression of these qualities. If we direct the energy towards anger, fear, hatred and doubt, the emotional imbalance will be more. In both cases neither positive nor negative thought adds to our resource of energy. Like a parasite our energy is sucked away and our ability to deal with everyday life is reduced.Yoga gives us a practical technique, a practical method for increasing our reserve of energy and controlling it, directing it, channeling it and converting it. It is a physical, mental and spiritual science.What are we going to do with energy? How are we going to control it? Where are we going to direct it? Yoga is concerned with the spiritual conversion of energy. That method or science of conversion is yoga.The scientific process of conversion is possible by the authority of the spiritual master which is transferred to a single word called "mantra". The concept of mantra can be illusrated by the following story. A famous yogi was delivering a lecture to a large gathering at the University of Chicago in the United States. He was invited by the professors of that university and they advertised his lecture widely. During the lecture the yogi explained "mantra" in some detail. Later during the questioning period, one of the noted professors of the university asked a question. He said that he did not believe that a single word could change the mind or alter one's view. The yogi bluntly answered, "Sit down, you are a fool."The word "fool" struck so hard and deep on the man's pride that his face became red, his hands began to sweat and tremble and he started to shout in a rage. He pointed out that he was one of the professors instrumental in inviting the yogi to the university. He listed his qualifications which were many, having a long list of degrees. He made it dramatically clear that he was a man of great reputation and not to be so lightly called a "fool" in public.After a few minutes of shouting from the professor, the yogi interrupted by saying, "You have just said that you do not believe that one word can change a man's mind or alter his view, but with one word 'fool' I have changed your mind from tranquility to anger. This is the power of one word."Mantra is one word, but the power of that word is very special because it comes from the Guru, the one who has control over that spiritual realisation. Only the one who controls that unparalleled state can transfer or transfuse that power into a single word.Just as the power of electricity is transfered to the car battery or blood energy is transfused to another person, so the power of the Guru is transfused or implanted in the mantra.This mantra then has the power to convert positive and negative energy into inspiration and devotion. By constant repetition of that mantra the energy gets directed at the mantra, gets channeled to the mantra. The mantra by its power of conversion changes that energy to spiritual realization, an intense feeling of love arises from within.The effort to channel or direct that energy to the mantra is our individual meditation. The result of our effort, the intense feeling of love for the Supreme, is the Guru's gift. By our effort to channelize the energy, our component parts – physical, mental and spiritual – get revitalised, developed and we are capable of receiving the power of the Supreme realisation.As we progressively experience that devotion, it inspires our thought and ideas. Those inspired thoughts and ideas express themselves through the motor organs as action and service. For example because of my meditation, I have experienced some devotion. This devotion inspires me to donate my un-used clothes to the poor.The desire to donate the clothings to the poor is a thought inspired by my devotion. My motor organs of hands and feet collect the old clothes and carry them to distribute to the poor. The poor people may appreciate my donation and show their affection. I feel good. I did something good and they like me for it, so I feel good. Feeling good is a positive idea or thought.However as a yogi I am not concerned with the positive or the negative. I direct the positive feeling toward the mantra and the energy gets converted into more devotion which inspires my thoughts to do greater service. The greater service gives me a greater positive feeling which I channel to the mantra to be converted into more and more devotion. So the more energy directed to the mantra, the greater the devotional experience. No matter what thought may arise in the mind, I will direct the energy of that positive or negative thought to the mantra.In the same way I may get some negative feeling in the mind. I did something good, but it wasn't appreciated. They didn't like my action. I feel a negative thought in my mind. Nevertheless, I direct the energy of that thought to the mantra and the mantra will convert it into devotion which will inspire me to act again.The same is true with problems also. The energy of my problem should be channeled to mantra. If I direct the energy of my problem to the mantra, the inspiration I derived from the devotion created will most likely give me the strength and courage to overcome the problem.Problems are never greater than our capacity to solve them.Therefore, if we increase our capacity through meditation, we will be able to solve the greatest problems. In this way we realise that problems are the helping force to conversion of energy into devotion and inspiration. This continuous process of thought energy directed at mantra, converted to devotion, inspiring thought acted out, resulting in thought energy again channeled to the mantra creates a dynamic effect.This spiritual dynamo accelerates our physical, mental and spiritual progress and expands the mind leading to universal outlook and brotherhood. This process of acceleration and progressive expansion is symbolised by a unique formula expressed in the Pratika, the spiritual symbol of Tantra.External or physical service acted out through the motor organs is symbolised by the triangle pointing upwards. Internal or spiritual service done through channelizing of mental energy to the mantra is symbolized by the triangle pointing downwards. By the interaction of these internal and external services, devotion is progressively realised.This is symbolised by the rising sun. The culminating point or destination of the individual is universal brotherhood or universal outlook. Attaining that state of oneness with the Generator, Operator and Destroyer of this universe is symbolised by the swastika which means victory.Therefore the formula is service + meditation = devotion, and devotion leads us to victory. This is the science of yoga; the process of progressive utilization. This is the way to infinite happiness.

www.anandamarga.org

Tantra - The Serpentine Ascent - Part I

Occult Vibratory Chemistry existed in India by the name of Tantra.
Tantra is derived from two Sanskrit words - Thanoti ( to expand ) & Trayaten ( to liberate). This Science has the power to expand and liberate! Expansion means to grow beyond one's boundaries.
Expansion up to Infinity. Thanothi means the expansion of Consciousness ad infinitum. Individual consciousness should expand to Universal Consciousness for mergence in the Supreme Self.
Trayate means to liberate, to liberate man from bondgage, from the Seven Deadly Sins which bind him to the sublunar world. The purging of mortal dross is a must for Self-Actualisation and the " inner enemies of man " Lust, greed, anger, jealousy, sloth, covetousness & attachment ) are the real blocks in the way of Self Actualisation.
Liberation is not possible without expansion of Consciousness. When our individual Consciousness expands to Cosmic, we feel whole & are liberated from the thraldom of matter.
The Upanishadic Philosophy was based on the Five Concentric Sheaths known as the Five Koshas. The outermost concentric Sheath, the Anna Maya Kosha, is known as the Material Sheath. It envelopes the other four sheaths - vital, mental, intellectual & bliss.
Tantra, on the other hand, speaks about the Six Chakras, dynamoes of Cosmic Energy in the human body.
These Chakras are ( in ascending order)
1. Root Chakra ( Muladhara ) 2. Anal Chakra ( Manipura ) 3. Solar Plexus Chakra ( Swadhistana )4. Heart Chakra ( Anahata )5. Throat Chakra ( Vishuddhi )6. Eyebrow Chakra ( Ajna )
The Five Great Elements ( Earth, air, water, fire & ether ) & Mind reside in the Six Chakras.
Earth-Principle resides in the Root ChakraWater-Principle resides in the Navel ChakraFire-Principle resides in the Solar Plexus ChakraAir-Principle resides in the Heart ChakraEther-Principle resides in the Throat ChakraMind-Principle resides in the Eye Brow Chakra.
The Microscomic representative of the Macrocosmic Shakti ( Cosmic Power ), the Kundalini, sportest as the Six principles in the Six Chakras in Her Cosmic Play.
O Infinite Power ! Thou art the Mind-principle in the Eye brow ChakraIn the Throat Chakra , Thou sport as the Ether-principleIn the Heart Chakra, Thou sportest as Air- principleIn the Solar Plexus Chakra, Thou art Fire-principleIn the Navel Chakra , Thou exist as Water-principleIn the Root Chakra, Thou art the Earth _Principle, O Mighty Mother !And in the Crown Chakra, Thou sportest blissfully with thy beloved Consort !
She lies coiled in human beings as the Coiled Serpent Power ( Kundalini). She rises during Mediation and Yogic processes.
Her rise can be felt by the meditator. When She rises, a subtle warmth will be felt in the body. Voice changes. Voice becomes musical, " propertied as the tuned spheres". The personality of the native becomes very attractive due to the influx of Jupiterian energy. Wisdom and learning grace the individual. When She rises furthur, torrential bliss will be felt. And when She reaches the Crown Chakra, it is Cosmic Consciousness for the native !
She sports as Universal Power in the Macrocosm; and in the microcosm as the coiled Serpent Power!
Infinite Power of the Absolute art Thou!The Cause of the Universe as MayaThe entire Creation is Thy PlayThy blessing is Bliss Absolute !
The essence of all sciences artThou All women Thy manifestations !The visible Universe Thou artAnd the dormant Serpentine Power !
One of the pioneers in Tantra Research was Sir John Woodroffe , who had written many scholarly treatises on the subject. His magnum opus is the "Serpent Power", which is a scientific treatise about the Kundalini. His practice of Tantra endowed him with personal magnetism. He became the cynosure of all eyes. There was a special lustre on his face, he possessed the Golden Tongue of Good Report & there was a spiritual halo around him. He had developed his Auric Field ( the human electro-magnetic field ) due to Tantric techniques and bacame a dynamo of spiritual energy. His masterly book is a scientific diagnosis about Tantra.
The heart and vocal nervous centers are intimately related physiologically. Bhava Shuddhi or purity of Heart makes the voice innocent and musical. The true Initiate is he whose voice is true and who possesses the Golden Tongue of Good Report! The Cosmic Shakti is the Force behind the Universe & the entire Universe is her play & display. Kundalini is Her microcosmic representation. She has been depicted as the Mother Goddess in Pagan philosophies. Nature is visible Intelligence; Intelligence is invisible Nature. The Spiritual & the Natural are not different. That which is spiritual is natural in its ascent & cause. That which is natural is spiritual in its descent and being.
She is the female component of the Ultimate and all systems deal with the male and the female components of Reality. The male component is He ! Consciousness and Force, the Supreme Self and Nature, Matter and Spirit, Being and Becoming, the One and the Innumerable, the Formless and then a delirium of Forms - She and He, two in one, inseparable ! He, outside Time, outside Space, pure Being, pure Consciousness, the Great White Silence wherein everything is contained in a state of involution, contained, yet formless !
She flings forth from Him in an outburst of joy, again to find Him playing in Time, She and He, two in one , inextricable! Can Nature exist without her Lord ? Can He exist without Nature ?
This is the Purusha and Prakriti of Sankhya, the Brahman and Maya of Vedanta , the Sive and Shakti of Tantra !
Without Him, I exist not Without Me, He is unmanifest ! - The Mother of Auroville.
It is due to Her Grace that a man becomes a material success. It is She who gives the successful man the indomitable Will Power needed for success.
On the other hand, it is also Her Grace which giveth spiritual success. It is She who gives the devotee the necessary Self-knowledge, makes him do altruistic acts & leads him to Self-Actualisation. In other words, She has two aspects, material & spiritual and Her Grace is absolutely necessary for success in both the spheres.
It is said that She, as the Prakriti ( Nature ) of Purusha ( Supreme Self), is the base of the Universe & when She becomes supremely pleased with the devotee, confers on him Self-Actualisation !
She is the Creatrix, She is the Mediatrix, She is the Dispensatrix and the Executrix of the absolute mechanism of Universal Justice.
Power is Divine and not to be condemned.
It is this Power aspect of Consciousness which India has depicted as the Divine Mother. It is a mistake of the ethical and the religious mind to condemn Power as something unworthy because it is in its very nature corrupting and evil. Despite arguments to the contrary ( Power corrupts and absolute Power corrupts absolutely), Power, Shakti, Will is the mover of the worlds and basically is spiritual in origin and divine in character !
A Power to call Eternity into Time And make the body's joy as vivid as the soul's!
The highest philosophic concept is that of the Philosopher-King, he who possesses powers both eternal and temporal. They were known as Raja-Rishies in India. Lord Rama, Lord Krishna, King Janaka were all Raja-Rishies. Marcus Aurelius & Augustus Caesar in the West were also reputed Philosopher-Kings. They did not renounce power !

eastrovedica.com/html/transat

http://www.astrologiavedica.com

Tantra Comes to the West

Tantra arrived on the cultural radar of mainstream America in 1989, with the publication of Margot Anand’s The Art of Sexual Ecstasy (Tarcher, 1991. But even before Anand’s ascent to the best-seller lists made Tantra a household word, other writers and workshop leaders had been mining Eastern sexual and spiritual techniques and blending them with elements of Western sexology, psychotherapy, and New Age self-transformational techniques. One of the first of these was Charles Muir, a yoga teacher who had been a follower of Swami Satchidananda until he became disillusioned by revelations of Satchidananda’s illicit sexual relations with some devotees. He then spent some time as a student of Swami Satyananda and as a teacher in the tradition of TV yoga guru Richard Hittleman. After his first marriage, Muir began to reexamine his ways of relating with women, and, as he puts it, “was blessed with the teachings of a number f remarkable women” who initiated him into their knowledge of Tantric sexuality. Muir also started to study the ancient Tantric texts, and began including more and more such teachings in his yoga workshops. By 1980, Muir made a full-time switch from hatha yoga teacher to Tantric sexuality teacher. Two decades later, he and his wife Caroline are still probably the best known teachers of Western Tantra.
On the first night of the Muirs’ weeklong workshop entitled ”The Art of Conscious Loving,” at the Rio Caliente spa about an hour outside of Guadalajara, Mexico, nine couples gather in a circle. The group seems subdued and a bit tense, with a palpable undercurrent of nervous anticipation.
Tom, a handsome psychologist born to Central American parents but raised mostly in the States, and his partner, a black-haired social worker with a mischievous grin, named Leslie, emit a honeymoon glow as they sit entwined around each other. In contrast, Susie’s back is turned like a stiff wall toward Bill, who hunches as though he’s trying to take up as little space as possible. Stan and Liz, an outgoing pair of 67- year-olds from a wealthy Southern California suburb, chatter about their up-coming nuptials- “the second for both of us,” Stan says, “but we’re telling people it’s our first real marriage.” Next to them, a native of Denmark and a healer, and Merle, her American partner, seem the most relaxed pair as they sit quietly with placid, taciturn smiles.
The couples are almost as diverse occupationally as they are geographically – no blue collar workers, but for such a small group, a fair slice of middle and upper middle class white America: a retired government bureaucrat now doing volunteer work; several entrepreneurs, an architect, a secretary, a teacher, an accountant, and a disproportionate number of healers of various types – a doctor who specializes in alternative/complementary medicine, the psychologist and the social worker, an art therapist, and four body-workers/energy healers. Quite a few turn out to be committed to Eastern spiritual practices. The doctor practices Zen; for years he attended a sesshin, an intensive meditation retreat, for one week out of every two months. Anja started and ran a yoga school for 17 years, closed it to open a school of esoteric energy healing, and finally lived alone in the woods for six years of intense personal spiritual practice. Merle, who runs a bodywork school, has practiced vipassana meditation for several years. Another body worker mentions a decade-long association with Yogi Bhajan’s Kundalini Yoga community.
Later, when Charles asks each couple to share what drew them to this Tantra workshop, Anja reports that she was so inspired by a visit to the Tantric temples at Khajuraho, in central India, with their relief carvings of hundreds of ecstatically (and acrobatically) entwined lovers, that she swore to some day find a man with whom she could share Tantra. Now, she says, that after 12 years of celibacy, she has. Two participants attended the workshop previously and have returned to share it with a newfound soul mate. On the whole, though, the couples seem quite reluctant to talk publicly about their sexual lives. Yet, traveling from as far away as Hawaii and Denmark and anteing up $3,400 per couple plus airfare), they have all committed a substantial investment of time, money and energy to their relationships – and to the exploration of Tantra.
The Muirs begin by contrasting the sexual education – or more accurately, the lack of it – most Westerners receive to the more respectful, celebratory and unconflicted attitudes they attribute to ancient Indian culture. With his characteristic humor and earthy language, Charles offers up as fairly representative his teenage tutelage with the leader of a Bronx street gang in the 1950s: “’Get it hard, get it in, and get it off. Fuck ‘em hard and fuck ‘em deep.’” Many of us, Charles points out, receive little more information than this about the vast possible joys of sexual loving. “We learn most of what we know about intimacy from those great fonts of wisdom and experience, dear old mom and dad,” Charles says drawing snorts of rueful laughter from the group. Outside our families, we glean information –often misinformation—from the locker-room talk and the slumber party whispers of our peers, and we absorb intensely mixed messages from the adults, religious institutions, and the pop culture around us. “How can you not be confused” asks Charles, “when you’re told both ‘Sex ix dirty’ and ‘Save it for the on you love?’”
Caroline picks up the thread, pointing out that many of us also approach adult sexuality scarred by childhood and adolescent experience of incest or other sexual abuse. When we finally find partners for our first sexual explorations, often as not we end up with further emotional wounds from fumbling in the dark with lovers as misinformed, ignorant and scarred as ourselves. “Is it any wonder,” Caroline asks rhetorically, “that many of us don’t really know how to ‘make love’? We may have learned how to get off, but not how to use sex to make more love in our relationships.”
As models of a healthier attitude, Caroline holds up ancient cultures, especially that of India. She points out that Indians reserved sexuality as a holy gift from the creator, regarding sex as both a sacrament and an art form, celebrating it in their art, and teaching its secrets to their children. Sex was used not just to join two lovers, but as a meditation through which the lovers could unite with the divine energy of the universe. “This week;” she says, “we’ll learn how to make sex sacred again.”
The Yoga of Relationship
Before adjourning for the evening, Charles outlines the three interwoven topics, he and Caroline will be teaching throughout the week: increasing energy and pleasure; increasing intimacy; and quieting the mind.
“ We’ll learn many techniques for increasing the energy and pleasure you can feel in your body,” he says. Many of the techniques will be what he calls White Tantra—practices that can be done individually, like asanas, pranayama, repetition of mantras—while others will be Red Tantra—practices that involve joining your energy with a partner’s.
Techniques for fostering intimacy, Charles says, are designed to allow lovers to increase their ability to give and receive each other’s energy. He adds that workshop participants will discover that they don’t need to learn to do more; they simply need to surrender and allow themselves to be who they naturally are. In the end, says Charles, “Relationship is the ultimate yoga. If you are in a relationship, it is a yoga, a spiritual pathway. Relationship will bring up every lesson you need to learn.”
All these techniques culminate, he emphasizes, in the quieting of the mind. Instead of habitually using the thinking mind, students will learn to cultivate the mind’s capacity for being completely quiet and receptive. “Ultimately Tantra is a meditation,” Charles notes. “In fact, orgasm is the only universally shared meditative experience, the one that cuts across all cultures. At the moment of orgasm, you are not in your thinking brain, you’re in your receptive, being brain; when you’re completely absorbed in the present, you enter into timelessness.”
As the week progresses, some of the information and exercises are explicitly sensual and sexual. Participants are given primers on touch, kissing and oral sexual, on using the breath to intensify and prolong orgasm, on strengthening the pubic-coccy-geal muscles to increase sexual pleasure. One session especially directed at the men focuses on a number of methods for delaying (and heightening and lengthening) orgasm. Using hand puppets — an oversized furry yoni and lingam (respectively, the Sanskrit names for female and male genitalia) ­­– Charles and Caroline demonstrate how to use your hands to delight your partner, how to mutually pleasure each other using a man’s “soft on” instead of a “hard on”, and how to bring infinite variety to intercourse, by changing the speed, depth and angle of penetration. Inviting their students to gather around them, The Muirs conduct a graphic (though fully clothed) seminar on sexual positions, complete with detailed demonstration of how to use pillows to support an aching back, and how to gracefully segue from front to side to back entry positions, and from woman on top to man on top and back again, without ever losing contact and intimacy.
Charles and Caroline spend just as much time on techniques that are far more esoteric and far less explicitly sexual. Almost every day, they lead the class through half hour or more of gentle hatha yoga. The routines wouldn’t pose much physical challenge to any regular practitioner, but that’s not the Muirs’ focus. Instead, as in all the yogic techniques they teach, they emphasize awareness of the subtle energy body and the charkas. All the charkas, Charles says, contain dormant energy, consciousness and intelligence, and the Tantra techniques he teaches aim to arouse and harness those latent energies. He stresses that the goal in doing these asanas shouldn’t be to achieve any particular stretch or outward form, but instead “to recognize and reconcile yourself with your body just as it is.”
“These asanas are not exercises,” Caroline chimes in, “They are eposes, sacred geometries for awakening and becoming aware of energy.” As they lead a simple but well rounded sequence (standing and balancing poses, side stretches, forward and backward bends) Charles and Caroline direct the participants to support the circuits of energy in the body with the breath: In a forward bend for instance, students breathe energy up from the feet through the legs and torso and exhale it out through the crown of the head before beginning the cycle again with the feet.
The Muirs also give instruction on pranayama (breathing techniques), ranging from simple, full breaths to more advanced practices, such as using bandhas (energetic “locks) to contain and heighten energy in the body, or directing energy up to the space between the third eye and the crown charkas by using the rapid forced exhalations of “breath of fire” (Kapalabhati). The group intones various bija mantras, sacred “seed syllables”, whose vibration is said to awaken each chakra; visualizes yantras, geometric diagrams that serve the same purpose; and practices mudras, potent hand gestures that create specific flows of energy. Along with all the solo yogic techniques, Charles and Caroline direct the participants in breathing with a partner. First the class members practice simply coordinating and harmonizing their inhalations and exhalations. They go on to practice reciprocal breathing -in which each breathes his or her partner’s energy as the partner exhales, and visa versa. Eventually they use breath to link their bodies together in a circular flow of energy.
Sacred Spot Massage
Although the Muirs present an enormous range of information and lead many exercises, their workshop pivots on the practice they call “sacred spot massage.” In this intimate ritual conducted by each couple in the privacy of their own room, the man will spend an entire evening in the role of sexual shaman, offering his partner the loving presence and touch that can help heal old wounds and allow her to open more completely into her own sexual power. (Later in the week, the couple reverse roles, with the women giving and the men receiving healing and empowerment.)
According to the Muirs, Tantra believes women’s sexual arousal and orgasm can open them to channel ever increasing amounts of shakti, the basic energy of the universe, which both she and her partner can both tap into. (Men, on the other hand, are said to have a more limited, less renewable store of sexual energy, which is depleted every time they ejaculate. For men, the key is not so much opening up to sexual energy, but instead learning to contain and experience an ever greater degree of energy and ecstasy without dissipating it through ejaculation.) “The knowledge of women’s limitless sexual potential has been lost to our culture,” says Caroline. She and Charles insist that not only are all women endlessly, naturally multiorgasmic, but that all are capable of both explosive clitoral orgasms and deeper, longer, more wavelike vaginal orgasms that can be accompanied by female ejaculation.
A key to fully awakening a women’s sexuality, the Muirs say, is loving massage of the “sacred spot,” a region of highly sensitive tissue located about two inches up the front wall of the vagina. (In Western sexology, this is the “G-spot,” named for Ernst Grafenberg, the gynecologist who first described it in Western medical literature.) But along with previously unknown pleasures, sacred spot massage can also unleash memories of sexual confusion, repression, pain and abuse. We don’t just store such memories in our minds, but in our bodies – and especially in the tissue around the second chakra (the genital region), which Tantra regards as the wellspring of our energy. The pain surrounding these memories must be addressed and released, the Muirs believe, before we can experience all the joy of unfettered sexual energy.
The Muirs stress that sacred spot massage should never be undertaken with the goal of orgasmic fireworks. Instead, they say, sacred spot massage should be viewed as a process that invites a couple into ever greater vulnerability, trust, intimacy and caring. “Orgasms are part of a natural flow of events,” says Charles. “Don’t go after orgasms, but let them be signposts on the road to sexual wholeness.” The Muirs devote hours of instruction to ensure that their students learn how to use sacred spot massage to integrate the emotional experience of loving connection with the passion of sexual arousal. But once Charles takes the men off for their separate class, he concentrates on preparing them to be sexual healers. First, he coaches each man to honor his partner by making the whole evening a feast for her senses: Tidy and decorate the room. Build a fire. Gather flowers. Dress up. Prepare a special treat of food or drink. Draw her a bath give her a massage. Then, he urges, tell her the things you appreciate and love most about her. “Don’t hesitate to invite God -- whatever meaning that may have for you — into the bedroom,” Charles tells them with a little grin as he sets up his punch line: “It makes for the best threesome!”
Most of all, Charles prepares each man to give his partner concentrated, loving attention – to remain present with whatever emotional experience comes up for her. “Real presence is far more important than physical technique,” he assures the men. “Get out of your head and into your heart. If difficult emotional stuff comes up for her, it’s not just her stuff; it belongs to both of you.” Charles encourages the men to approach the whole evening as a sacred meditation, an exercise in empathy: “Make the evening a peace offering to your woman and to the collective womanhood of humanity, a healing for every woman who’s ever been raped or molested or demeaned in any way.”
Before sending the men and women off for their “homeplay,” Charles offers them some predictions. “For many of you,” he promises, “this will be the most important night in you life. About 25 percent of couples have ecstatic experiences in sacred spot massage; about 25 percent encounter mostly shadow residues of old experiences that need to be released; and the remaining half have a mixed experience.”
In the morning when the couples reconvene and begin to share their experiences, Anja validates part of Charles’ forecast: “I would say that it was the most romantic time in my life, the most happy moment in my life, and now I am so peaceful. I think that I am joining with my higher consciousness in a way I’ve never been before, and I know it’s going to influence my work,” (In class Anja talks mostly the spiritual effects of the evening, but in later conversations she also mentions “wave after wave of orgasmic energy” that ran through her body for almost two hours.)
Though none of the other women report transports of ecstasy, all the couples tell stories of increased intimacy, of insights and breakthroughs. For the most demonstratively passionate couple in the group, Tom and Leslie, the exciting shift wasn’t in sexual intensity, but in emotional vulnerability. “The biggest gift,” says Tom, “was Leslie crying in my arms, which had never happened before.” Many of the men reveled in the role of giver and healer, delighting in pleasing and nurturing their partners; some also enjoyed an unexpected freedom from performance anxiety.
Not that everyone had smooth sailing. For Susie the sacred spot massage was painful – both physically and emotionally. “When Bill started to massage my sacred spot, it was uncomfortable, and it brought up all my issues. So I cried and screamed and ranted and raved, and then I cried some more. Bill cried too.” Despite the pain, Susie felt “it was still a healing experience. I’m starting to realize that healing doesn’t happen in one fell swoop. Last night I got a piece of healing.” Turning to Bill she says, “what I really appreciated is that you were there for me.” Looking back at the group she says firmly, “He was really there the whole time. And I realized that he has been there for me for a long time; I just didn’t see it.”
Beaming back at her Bill drawls, “I got yelled at all night, and I loved it. I feel a little guilty. I was supposed to be the giver, and I received so much. After a couple of hours, it dawned on me that I didn’t have to try to quiet my mind. It just happened. Of course, the greatest blessing was that last night was the first time in my life I ever felt like a healer.
True Tantra?
Despite positive reports from the participants in workshops like the Muirs’, some scholars and teachers of more traditional Tantric pathways, criticize modern, Western interpretations of Tantra as having little in common with Tantra as practiced over the centuries in India, Nepal and Tibet.
Tantra began to blossom as a distinct movement within both Buddhism and Hinduism around A.D. 500, reaching its fullest flowering around 500 to 700 years later. From its very beginning, Tantra has been a radical teaching that challenged religious orthodoxy. Within Hinduism, Tantra stood in contrast to the Vedic practices of the Brahmins (the priestly caste of Indian culture), who presided over a religion of dutifully performed rituals and strict adherence to standards of purity forever out of reach of the lower castes. Within Buddhism, says University of Virginia religious studies professor Miranda Shaw, Tantra “arose outside the powerful Buddhist monasteries as a protest movement initially championed by lay people rather than monks and nuns.”
It’s never been easy to neatly define Tantra, because it encompasses such a huge, varied and sometimes contradictory range of beliefs and practices. But first and foremost, although it has produced many philosophical texts, Tantra is a collection of practical techniques for achieving liberation or enlightenment. The word “Tantra” itself comes from a Sanskrit root that means “to weave or extend.” Tantra’s practitioners have always seen as a comprehensive system for extending knowledge and wisdom – for realizing that the whole world is a completely interwoven unity.
Second, far more than most strands of Indian spirituality, Tantra accords great respect to women and to the female aspect of divinity. In the Hindu Tantric view, the world constantly arises from the erotic dance and union of the divine male (Shiva) and the divine female (Shakti), with Shiva providing the necessary seed but Shakti providing the active energy that brings everything into being. (Tantric Buddhism sees the male principle as the more active, but still emphasizes the importance of women and female energy far more than do other forms of Buddhism.)
Third, Tantra works not just as an enlightenment practice, but also as a system of practical magic. Certain kinds of Tantra place great emphasis on developing supernormal powers – The ability to fly, to materialize objects at will, to disappear or to become enormous, to be in two places at one time. In fact the same term – “siddhi” can mean either “spiritual perfection” or “supernatural power”. Tantra claims to allow its practitioners to understand the way the world is woven together, and these insights are said to give it’s adepts incredible powers over the physical world, including their own bodies. In Tantra, the body is seen as a microcosm of the whole universe; the divine female energy is present in the individual person as kundalini, the serpent energy that coils at the base of the spine. Much of Tantric practice centers on awakening and channeling this energy.
Thus, where the mainstream of Indian spirituality tends to regard the world as a trap and an illusion, and lean toward asceticism and a distrust of the body and the pleasures of the senses, Tantra insists that the world is a manifestation of divinity and that all experience is potentially holy. This fourth trait of Tantra, is perhaps its crucial characteristic: Rather than regarding the every day life of the body and its desires as a defilement to be purified and transcended, Tantra regards embodiment as the fortuitous and necessary vehicle for enlightenment.
Tantra’s appreciation for the body made it and enormous laboratory where generations of yogis experimented with ways to purify their bodies so could carry the enormous energy of awaked kundalini. According to noted yoga scholar Georg Feuerstein (himself a practitioner of Tibetan Tantric Buddhism), “Hatha yoga grew straight out of the concern in Tantra for creating a transubstantiated body – a body that was totally under the control of a yogi, that he/she could manifest and de-manifest at will, a body that was immortal, like the body Taoist mystics sought to develop.”
Eventually, the focus on purification led much of yoga practice toward asceticism. But much of Tantra headed off in unascetic directions. As you might expect in a magical tradition that sees the cosmos as a constant product of sexual intercourse, the Tantrikas (Tantra practitioners) didn’t just explore sex as a metaphor; they made it a crucial activity in their spiritual path. Viewing all of life as holy, they rejected the traditional Indian tendency to categorize activities and experiences as either pure or impure. The most radical Tantric groups convened their rituals in the charnel grounds, meditating atop corpses, smearing themselves with the ashes of the dead, eating and drinking from cups fashioned from skulls, and indulging in all the activities most condemned by mainstream religion: eating meat and fish, consuming aphrodisiacs, alcohol and other drugs—and engaging in ritual sexual intercourse as a way of raising and exploring the movement of heightened energies.
It’s true that, as scholars have pointed out, only a small proportions of Tantric texts –less than 10 percent – deal with sexuality; well over half the texts focus on the use of mantras, while others focus on the worship of deities and the creation of visual aids to meditation and magic. In addition, over time more conservative Tantric groups (known as “right-hand Tantra”) minimized the most daring practices, transforming forbidden activities into metaphoric representations of spirituality rather than actual ritual practice. (More radical groups –practitioners of “left-hand Tantra” – tended to remain underground, safe from attacks from mainstream of Indian culture.) But from the first outrage denunciations by scandalized Brahmins centuries ago, right up through the West’s recent curiosity, outsiders’ fascination with Tantra has always focused on sex.
It’s Not Just Sex
Feuerstein believes that Neo-Tantra—His term for Western versions of Tantra that focus on sex and relationship –“ can do a great deal of good for people who have been raised in an atmosphere that represses and denigrates pleasure,” and that “it provides meaning and hope for some of those who have outgrown guilt-ridden Puritanism and conventional sexuality.” However, he expresses concern that many teachers of Neo-Tantra have neither studied Tantric texts enough to understand the tradition clearly nor received “proper initiation by a competent Tantric guru.”
Although ancient texts are chock-full of dire warnings of Tantra’s risks Feuerstein doesn’t believe gaps in Western Tantra teacher’s education place students in any serious danger. “Unless you are instructed by a true guru – in other words, a teacher who has succeeded in raising his or her own shakti – you aren’t likely to raise dangerous energies that could unbalance you physically or mentally.” he says.
But Feuerstein does fear that Neo-Tantra practitioners can easily get caught up in egoistic motivations, rather than learning to transcend the ego. He claims that in more traditional Indian Tantra, adepts never started by opening the second chakra –the sexual center – but by opening the fourth chakra (the heart) or the sixth chakra (the third eye, seat of intuitive wisdom). “Only when the guru was sure the adept had established pure intentions and strong control of energy was the enormous power of sexuality invoked,” he says, adding that perhaps the greatest danger of Neo-Tantra is that practitioners will fool themselves into thinking they’re having “spiritual” experiences when all they are doing is enjoying a blast of increased prana (life energy). Feuerstein fears that by confusing physical pleasure with spiritual bliss, many Neo-Tantra practitioners may miss out on the deepest rewards of Tantra –the ecstasy of union with all Being.
Rod Stryker a teacher of right-hand Tantra who studied with Tantra master Yogiraj Mani Finger and is also an initiate in the tradition of Tantric master Sri Vidya, echoes many of Feuerstein’s concerns about contemporary Western Tantra. “As a yoga teacher,” says Stryker, “I’ve worked with a lot of people – essentially, I’ve treated a lot of people -- who were deeply scarred by the experience of trying to direct sexuality, cloaked as Tantra, as a tool of enlightenment.”
According to Stryker, maithuna –the sexual techniques of Tantra’s left-hand path – were traditionally regarded as catalysts to awaken psychic energy; so powerful that some schools even regarded them as shortcuts past more basic techniques like asana and pranayama. But right-hand paths, says Stryker, never saw sexual techniques as substitutes for gradual, progressive use of asana, pranayama and meditation. “The danger is that if someone’s nadis [the body’s energy channels] are not as open and as clear as possible, the sexual techniques can create psychic turbulence and have a dis-integrating effect,” says Stryker. “It’s very likely,” he notes, “that people who go do a Tantra weekend have done very little foundational work of asana and pranayama. They may experience a lot of energy moving, but if they are neurotic and they start to awaken vital energy they can wind up empowering their neuroses.”
Like Feuerstein, Stryker stresses the difference between pleasure and bliss and the need for a guru. He points out that the approach to Tantra he has been taught delineates three distinct stages of ecstasy – physical, psychic, and spiritual. Only in the second stage of ecstasy does a seeker achieve not just heightened sensory awareness, but also the necessary energy to change his or her life to align with an awareness of spirit. (In the third stage, once the seeker has awakened the state of consciousness associated with each chakra and can apply the appropriate state to any situation, ecstasy becomes constant.) Without the guidance of an experienced Tantra guru, Stryker fears, students may get stuck at this first stage.
Stryker suggests any Tantra student should examine their teachers with two questions in mind: “To what extent do the teachings live with the teacher and in their relationships? And to what extent do the teachings live in the lives of this teacher’s students?” Whether or not Western Tantra teachers are equipped to be full-fledged gurus, says Stryker, he hopes they at least educate their students to realize that physical ecstasy is only a fraction of the gifts of Tantra.
Whatever the limitation or perils of Tantra, as it is now being adapted for Western consumption, its advocates are passionate about its ability to be able to change lives – and, by extension, to change the world. Margo Anand, for one, says, “Once you’ve opened your five senses, once you’ve brought all the levels of yourself into engagement with life, you may find yourself transformed. You may never be willing to go back to a life, that doesn’t leave room for your creativity, your playfulness, you capacity for joy.” And Charles and Caroline Muir urge workshop participants to consider that they’re not doing this work just for their own benefit, but also so that they can bequeath a saner, sexual legacy to their children and grandchildren.
In answer to criticism from more traditional Tantrikas, Charles insists that the Tantra he and Caroline teach is in the spirit of ancient practices, even if its outer form is different.
“We seek to awaken and integrate the dormant energy of the charkas,” he says, “just as they did in ancient India.” Explaining his adoptions, Muir claims, “You don’t need all the trappings of Indian culture and philosophy to experience the benefits of Tantra.”
Muir readily admits that modern Western Tantra may not look like its ancient antecedents. But, citing the enormous historical variety of Tantric practices, he points out that like yoga, Tantra has been born again and again, age to age, based on people’s needs at the time.” His version of Tantra, he thinks, addresses major needs of our current place and time: restoring proper reverence for women and the feminine; finding an appropriate, beneficial outlet for male “warrior” energy; and healing the rift between men and women.
On the last morning of the workshop at Rio Caliente, as the participants gather to share their thoughts on the week, no one seems especially concerned with whether or not they’re on their way to enlightenment. They’re too busy basking in the benefits the week has brought them. In contrast with the first evening of the workshop, all the couples snuggle together, some holding hands, some smiling into each other’s eyes, some just sitting in a relaxed companionable silence. “I got all I had dreamed might be possible and more,” says Merle. (Unable to resist the joke, someone ad-libs, “Plenty of bang for the buck, huh?”) Merle’s partner Anja, who had the sacred spot massage as the happiest moment of her life, says the workshop renewed her commitment to the hatha yoga practice she’d dropped years before, and several other participants echo her determination to continue with hatha yoga after returning home.
The workshop seems to have inspired many of the participants to eloquence. Stan the 67- year old grandfather and fiancé, reads a poem of appreciation for his partner that leaves almost everyone in tears. Mathew the Zen-practicing doctor says he sees all the workshop participants as a “vast, beautiful, green healing field of love,” with Charles and Caroline as the cultivators. And his partner, Amy vows that she now knows “Nothing is more important than learning how to love each other better.”
When Bill’s turn comes, his characteristic directness lends the simple poetry of economy to his words.
“This week,” he says, tore down walls it took Susie and me 25 years to build.” Looking at the pair as they sit with their legs entwined, occasionally stealing glances at each other like shy teenagers just discovering love, Caroline quips, “OK, you two win the Most Improved Campers award.” As the laughter dies down, Susie says, “I’ve been on a healing journey for a long time, and I often thought I would have to leave Bill behind. This week I have discovered I have a partner in healing.”

www.sourcetantra.com

What is Reiki?

The word Reiki is Japanese and it means ‘Universal Life-Force-Energy’ (notice the ‘ki’ element) and is a system of energy healing that uses Chi/ki energy directly applied to a person in order to strengthen their own energy system. The more correct term, however, would be the Usui System of Natural Healing since the founder of the various Reiki techniques was a man named Dr. Mikao Usui who was a Christian minister and head of a Christian boys school in Japan in the late 1800’s. In it’s simplest terms, Reiki techniques comprise of the Reiki practitioner placing their hands on the patient in a specific set of positions. It is then a matter of allowing the Chi/ki energy to flow through the hands and into the body.

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The World Of Tantra - The Serpentine Ascent

Occult Vibratory Chemistry existed in India by the name of Tantra. Tantra is derived from two Sanskrit words - Thanoti ( to expand ) & Trayate ( to liberate). This Science has the power to expand and liberate ! Expansion means to grow beyond one's boundaries. Expansion upto Infinity. Thanothi means the expansion of Consciousness ad infinitum.Individual consciousness should expand to Universal Consciousness for mergence in the Supreme Self. Trayate means to liberate, to liberate man from bondgage, from the Seven Deadly Sins which bind him to the sublunar world. The purging of mortal dross is a must for Self-Actualisation and the " inner enemies of man " Lust, greed, anger, jealousy, sloth, covetousness & attachment ) are the real blocks in the way of Self Actualisation Liberation is not possible without expansion of Consciousness. When our individual Consciousness expands to Cosmic, we feel whole & are liberated from the thraldom of matter. The Upanishadic Philosophy was based on the Five Concentric Sheaths known as the Five Koshas. The outermost concentric Sheath, the Anna Maya Kosha, is known as the Material Sheath. It envelopes the other four sheaths - vital, mental, intellectual & bliss. A diagramatic representation of the Five Concentric Sheaths can be seen at http://www.zodiaccomputers.com/Html/yoga.htm Tantra, on the other hand, speaks about the Six Chakras, dynamoes of Cosmic Energy in the human body. These Chakras are ( in ascending order) 1. Root Chakra ( Muladhara ) 2. Anal Chakra ( Manipura ) 3. Solar Plexus Chakra ( Swadhistana ) 4. Heart Chakra ( Anahata ) 5. Throat Chakra ( Vishuddhi ) 6. Eyebrow Chakra ( Ajna ) A diagramatic representation of the chakras can be seen at http://www.zodiaccomputers.com/Html/pranic.htm The Five Great Elements ( Earth, air, water, fire & ether ) & Mind reside in the Six Chakras. Earth-Principle resides in the Root Chakra Water-Principle resides in the Navel Chakra Fire-Principle resides in the Solar Plexus Chakra Air-Principle resides in the Heart Chakra Ether-Principle resides in the Throat Chakra Mind-Principle resides in the Eye Brow Chakra. The Microscomic representative of the Macrocosmic Shakti ( Cosmic Power ), the Kundalini, sportest as the Six principles in the Six Chakras in Her Cosmic Play. O Infinite Power ! Thou art the Mind-principle in the Eye brow Chakra In the Throat Chakra , Thou sport as the Ether-principle In the Heart Chakra, Thou sportest as Air- principle In the Solar Plexus Chakra, Thou art Fire-principle In the Navel Chakra , Thou exist as Water-principle In the Root Chakra, Thou art the Earth _Principle, O Mighty Mother ! And in the Crown Chakra, Thou sportest blissfully with thy beloved Consort ! She lies coiled in human beings as the Coiled Serpent Power ( Kundalini). She rises during Mediation and Yogic processes. Her rise can be felt by the meditator. When She rises, a subtle warmth will be felt in the body. Voice changes. Voice becomes musical, " propertied as the tuned spheres". The personality of the native becomes very attractive due to the influx of Jupiterian energy. Wisdom and learning grace the individual. When She rises furthur, torrential bliss will be felt. And when She reaches the Crown Chakra, it is Cosmic Consciousness for the native ! She sports as Universal Power in the Macrocosm; and in the microcosm as the coiled Serpent Power! Infinite Power of the Absolute art Thou! The Cause of the Universe as Maya The entire Creation is Thy Play Thy blessing is Bliss Absolute ! The essence of all sciences art Thou All women Thy manifestations ! The visible Universe Thou art And the dormant Serpentine Power ! One of the pioneers in Tantra Research was Sir John Woodroffe , who had written many scholarly treatises on the subject. His magnum opus is the "Serpent Power", which is a scientific treatise about the Kundalini. His practice of Tantra endowed him with personal magnetism. He became the cynosure of all eyes. There was a special lustre on his face, he possessed the Golden Tongue of Good Report & there was a spiritual halo around him. He had developed his Auric Field ( the human electro-magnetic field ) due to Tantric techniques and bacame a dynamo of spiritual energy. His masterly book is a scientific diagnosis about Tantra. The heart and vocal nervous centers are intimately related physiologically. Bhava Shuddhi or purity of Heart makes the voice innocent and musical. The true Initiate is he whose voice is true and who possesses the Golden Tongue of Good Report! The Cosmic Shakti is the Force behind the Universe & the entire Universe is her play & display. Kundalini is Her microcosmic representation. She has been depicted as the Mother Goddess in Pagan philosophies. Nature is visible Intelligence; Intelligence is invisible Nature. The Spiritual & the Natural are not different. That which is spiritual is natural in its ascent & cause. That which is natural is spiritual in its descent and being. She is the female component of the Ultimate and all systems deal with the male and the female components of Reality. The male component is He ! Consciousness and Force, the Supreme Self and Nature, Matter and Spirit, Being and Becoming, the One and the Innumerable, the Formless and then a delirium of Forms - She and He, two in one, inseparable ! He, outside Time, outside Space, pure Being, pure Consciousness, the Great White Silence wherein everything is contained in a state of involution, contained, yet formless ! She flings forth from Him in an outburst of joy, again to find Him playing in Time, She and He, two in one , inextricable! Can Nature exist without her Lord ? Can He exist without Nature ? This is the Purusha and Prakriti of Sankhya, the Brahman and Maya of Vedanta , the Sive and Shakti of Tantra ! Without Him, I exist not Without Me, He is unmanifest ! - The Mother of Auroville It is due to Her Grace that a man becomes a material success. It is She who gives the successful man the indomitable Will Power needed for success. On the other hand, it is also Her Grace which giveth spiritual success. It is She who gives the devotee the necessary Self-knowledge, makes him do altruistic acts & leads him to Self-Actualisation. In other words, She has two aspects, material & spiritual and Her Grace is absolutely necessary for success in both the spheres. . It is said that She, as the Prakriti ( Nature ) of Purusha ( Supreme Self), is the base of the Universe & when She becomes supremely pleased with the devotee, confers on him Self-Actualisation ! She is the Creatrix, She is the Mediatrix, She is the Dispensatrix and the Executrix of the absolute mechanism of Universal Justice. Power is Divine and not to be condemned It is this Power aspect of Consciousness which India has depicted as the Divine Mother. It is a mistake of the ethical and the religious mind to condemn Power as something unworthy because it is in its very nature corrupting and evil. Despite arguments to the contrary ( Power corrupts and absolute Power corrupts absolutely), Power, Shakti, Will is the mover of the worlds and basically is spiritual in origin and divine in character ! A Power to call Eternity into Time And make the body's joy as vivid as the soul's !. The highest philosophic concept is that of the Philosopher-King, he who possesses powers both eternal and temporal. They were known as Raja-Rishies in India. Lord Rama, Lord Krishna, King Janaka were all Raja-Rishies. Marcus Aurelius & Augustus Caesar in the West were also reputed Philosopher-Kings. They did not renounce power ! Tantra as related to Astrology Tides are caused by the Moon. The human body is 65% water. ( Even the Archbishop of Canterbury is 65% water ). If Moon can effectuate tides, what effect will he have on the human body which is predominantly water? And what about the effects of other planets ? There is a common notion that Tantra deals with Sex & the term denoted for this in the New Age is Sacred Sexuality. Our aim here is to clear some misconceptions about Tantra. It is not Satanism or Witchcraft, but a great discipline like Yoga. The Union of Nature ( Prakriti ) & Intelligence ( Purusha ) is the base of all Indian Philosophy. ' The entire Universe is nothing but He & She" said Aurobindo. It is a continuum of Conscioussness-Force. The Universe is regarded as a Union of Nature and Her Lord. All Nature is a wide enamoured pause Hoping for Her lord to touch, to clasp, to be! On the breast of the static Absolute ( Purusha ), She sports as dynamic Time ! His breast He offers for Her Cosmic Dance Over our lives which are the shivering theatre ! With such a philosophical background, Tantra becomes a formidable Art to protray Cosmic Union. Sex is the union of male and female & Tantra represents the Union of the male and female components of the Ultimate. Kala in Sanskrit means Time and Kali is She who is of the nature of Time Eternal. Everything is created by Time, preserved by Time and destroyed by Time and it She who is the Sole Doer. "He who forces Time will be pushed back by Time He who yields to Time will find Time on his side" Life is regarded as the unfolding of the Self at six different levels of consciousness known as Chakras in the magnificent Tantric Model. In mundane people the unfolding takes place only at the first three chakras which represent procreation, metabolism & speech; the higher three chakras remain latent. The awakening of the higher chakras results in the unfolding and fulfillment of Life Divine. When the Kundalini, the Serpentine Power inherent in humans, rises from the Root Chakra ( Muladhara ) to the Crown Chakra ( Sahasrara ), man achieves Cosmic Consciousness. The Spirit shall take up the human play The earthly life become the Life Divine! Ancient Tantric treatises give priority to the Fivefold Worship ( The Pancha Makara Pooja ), the Five Great M's which are to be worshipped. Madyam Mamsam cha Meenam cha Mudra Maidhunameva Cha Eka Pancha Makarasyur Naranam Moksha Dayaka Madyam _ Wine Mamsam - Flesh Meenam - Fish Mudra - A Yogic Pose Maidhuna - Copulation Madyam is Wine and there is a saying in Latin " In Vino Veritas " ( There is truth in Wine ). Bacchus' blessings are a treasure And drinking is the soldier's pleasure ! Alcohol, taken in small quantities is the exciter of the "Yes" function in man. It can make man one with Truth. Mudra is a Yogic Pose. Yoga is derived from the word Yuj which means to unite. Meena means fishes. Mamsa means flesh. Traditionally, in other systems which are considered divine like Yoga, non veg food is eschewed. But not so in Tantra. Maidhuna is Copulation. Sex was considered as Lust in puritan philosophies. But not so in Tantra. "Sex is spiritual, it is something that comes out of the depths of your being " says Dr Maxwell Maltz, founder of Psycho- Cybernetics. These 5 Ms are the five elements which are used by Tantra for Cosmic Union. The Symbolic Meaning behind the Five Great M's It is to be noted that Mamsam ( Flesh ) is symbolic. The Sanksrit Soham means ' I am He '. Mamsa means the same Mam ( I am ) and Sah is He. The Wine referred to here is the Wine of Bliss. The Copulation referred here is the Divine Copulation. No doubt sex is the microcosmic representation of Cosmic Union. In this sense Tantra becomes Sacred and divine. It is the Sacred Art & hence the holiest of all Holy Sciences ! Vedic Astrology is another manifestation of Tantra. The knowledge of the planets and the constellations is esoteric and Tantra is the main affiliate of Astrology. Celestial transit influences produce mundane effects which can be unveiled by Mundane Astrology More information about Mundane Astrology & Transit Forecast can be had from http://www.zodiaccomputers.com/Html/Transit.html Tantra and Vedanta are sister sciences. One deals with Sat ( the Absolute aspect of Being ) & the other with Chit, which is both absolutely relative and relatively absolute. It is said that She is the representative of Absolute Knowledge ( Brahma Jnana) and She sports in the garden of the Upanishads ! Thou exist as prosperity in the houses of the righteous As mental tension galore in the houses of the profane ! In the Seers as Intelligence, as Morality & Ethics in the good Infinite are Thy works and Grace, O Mother Divine ! Article by G Kumar, astrologer, writer and programmer of http://www.eastrovedica.com . Highly experienced with many correct predictions to his credit, he does professional natal charts (http://www.eastrovedicas.com/html/horo.htm ) To subscribe to his Free highly informative ezine, Z Files,click here. mailto:zodiac20@vsnl.com?subject=subscribe . An integrator of East & West, to those interested in Western Astrology, he recommends this link:http://psychicrevenue.com/cgi-bin/refer.cgi?pws00768&site=pw&page=A ..

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$$Mantras Effect$$

Mantras can excite the emotions and give suggestions to the mind. Mantras affect both the one who chants them as the one who hears them. The word mantra comes from the Sanskrit "mantrana", which means advice or suggestion. In a sense, every word is a mantra. In our daily life we use words to get everything done, obtain everything we need. Each mantra or word is a sound pattern that suggests to the mind the meanings inherent in it, and the mind immediately responds.
According to Ramana Maharshi, repetition of mantras (japa), with attention directed to the source of the sound, completely engages the mind. This is Tapas (penance). The source is not in the vocal chords alone, but also the idea of the sound is in the mind, whose source is self. Thus the practice of mantra repetition is more than a suggestion, a bit of advice or an idea. It is a means of getting in touch with our self.
Mantras may be used for religious worship, for japa (repetition), for healing, to help spiritual evolution, for purification, for making offerings and in Mantra Yoga. Some mantras are only chants or expressions of nearness to the Divine. But some saints who were inspired by divine love and unshakable faith used these mantras in their own spiritual practice and their followers afterwards started using those mantras, calling them mahamantras or great mantras.
Primarily it is faith which creates the effect of mantras. Melody, intonation, pronunciation, whether silently or aloud, all are important in the recitation of mantras. Moreover, the beat cycle in which mantras are recited is important, but it changes according to the state of consciousness of the one who is chanting. An increase in the speed of chanting increases the speed of mind, heartbeat and respiration. The beat cycle of the mantras affects the emotions.
A fast speed sometimes creates a continuous vibration and when it is done in groups it creates a good effect, because the mind works in synchronization with the beat cycle and has no time to fantasize. Fast chanting of mantras exhausts the mind, heart and breath and relaxation comes after the chanting is over.
Slowing the beat cycle of mantras also creates the same continuous vibration, but it slows down the speed of mind, heart and breath while the chanting is going on. It induces a hypnagogic state, but it is good only when the chanting of mantras is done individually. A medium-speed beat cycle is good for group and individual chanting of mantras. It does not disturb the heartbeat or breathing pattern and makes the mind more awake, alert and conscious.
The place from which the sound emanates influences its' tonal quality. Deep tones are produced by the vocal chords in conjunction with the abdominal region, middletones in conjunction with the chest, heart and throat regions and high-pitched tones in conjunction with the upper region of the body. Indian classical music uses all three regions in a gradual order, but the middle region is used most and produces a greater emotional impact on the listeners.

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Yantra Power Meditation

Yantras are visual tools that serve in meditation either as centering devices or as symbolic compositions of the energy pattern of a deity as seen by Tantric seers in their vision.
As there is a difference between mind and body, so there is between yantra and mantra. Yantra is the body or form of the deity (devata), whereas mantra is the mind, consciousness, spirit or name. Yantra is the external, visual expression through which the deity receives devotion.
When a yantra is adopted for worship and the energy is invoked in it, it becomes a symbolic representative of the deity and actually it becomes the deity when the person abandons his analytical, critical attitude and the energy circulates in higher centers. Every yantra becomes the dwelling place of the deity it represents. No idol or picture of a deity is as powerful as a yantra in meditation, because a yantra is composed of archetypical forms that are common to all existing phenomena. The very process of making a yantra is an archetypical activity that works with the encoding of the genes. During the process one moves from concrete reality to abstract truth.
The word yantra is used in two or more ways in Sanskrit. It comes from the root "yam", which means supporting or holding the essence of an object or concept. The syllable "tra" comes from "trana" or liberation from bondage. Yantra also means liberation from the cycle of birth and rebirth (moksha). As a tool, yantra meditation is used to withdraw consciousness from the outer world, so as to help the student to go beyond the normal framework of mind to the altered states of consciousness known as turiya.
The act of drawing and painting yantras teaches the mind how to concentrate, how to be one-pointed. To some people this practice of painting yantras is fascinating and absorbing, while others might not find it as interesting as doing calligraphy or singing, but creating a yantra can yield a valuable lesson. Yantra drawing requires accuracy, exactness, discipline, concentration, neatness and patience. The geometrical forms of the yantra activate the right hemisphere, which is visual and nonverbal.
A black point on a white background forms the most precise and powerful yantra for meditation. But it is too simple to say that a yantra is a point on a surface which serves as a field for gazing. The point (bindu) is the center of the yantra. It signifies unity, the origin, the principle of manifestation and emanation. Although in theory a true point has no magnitude, but to have a point in concrete form, it is given the smallest practicable magnitude. This point is the first step in visualising the abstract, the formless. Meditation or concentration on this point brings the mind towards abstract concentration which is used as a means to self realization.
A circle is an extension of a point. With the radius of desire, the point draws a circle around itself and expands. However, the circle also creates an individual consciousness out of cosmic consciousness. After the point and the circle the triangle is the simplest yantra form. Upward triangles draw the attention up and away from the world. In this way, yantras have a grammar of their own - see table on the left.
Yantras that represent any form of the divine mother are called Shakta Yantras. Yantras can also be related to Vishnu or Shiva. In most cases their forms are equal to some of the Shakta Yantras, but the colors differ. Architectural yantras are used for the ground plan of temples.
Astrological yantras are used in working with the energy of the nine planets. Numerical yantras are not composed of basic geometrical forms but of numbers. Some of these yantras are used as talismans. When working with a yantra, a mantra is needed to invoke the vital life force (prana) of the particular deity.
Constructing a yantra requires imaginal thinking which involves the right hemisphere. The symbolic nature of yantras triggers the left hemisphere. Practitioners of tantra combine the universal pattern of the yantra with the cosmic sound of a mantra to achieve a higher state of awareness, in which individual being and universal being are one. The dichotomy of the hemispheres is resolved, both are calm.
Especially Westerners are more left hemisphere dominated and are deficient in right hemisphere education which causes some loss of imagination and of faith in higher values. Right hemisphere education through art, dance and music is needed to restore the balance. By coloring and drawing the geometrical yantra diagrams, based on the mathematical perfection of sages of the East, Westerners can make both their hemispheres work simultaneously and calmly, achieve faith and live in constant awareness.

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